Survey on germination and species composition of dinoflagellates from ballast tanks and recent sediments in ports on the South Coast of Finland, North-Eastern Baltic Sea

Dinoflagellates in a mesotrophic, tropical environment influenced by monsoon

“…Gymnodinioids, with sizes < 50 µm, tend to withstand turbulence well (Sullivan and Swift 2003) and may be favoured under such conditions. Since they commonly occur in ballast and port sediments, they are regarded as potential bloom-formers (Pertola et al 2006). However, in the present study area, they contribute very less to the cyst community (max.…”

Assessing ballast water treatments: Evaluation of viability methods for ambient freshwater microplankton assemblages

“…There are probably many cases where ballast water treatment systems render living cells no longer reproductively viable, and thereby eliminate any environmental risk associated with those cells. However, confirmation that living cells are viable would require subsequent grow-out experiments following treatment (e.g., Pertola et al, 2006). Grow-out is especially important if testing includes resting cysts, such as those from amoebae, chrysophytes, and dinoflagellates.…”

Estimating propagule pressure and viability of diatoms detected in ballast tank sediments of ships arriving at Canadian ports

“…Viable diatoms have been found in ballast tanks, as demonstrated by incubation experiments with ballast waters (Subba Rao et al 1994, Rhodes et al 1998, Forbes & Hallegraeff 2002, McCarthy & Crowder 2000, Marangoni et al 2001, Burkholder et al 2007) and ballast sediments (Hallegraeff & Bolch 1992, Kelly 1993, Pertola et al 2006, although growth rate potentials had not been quantified before. In our case, the sum of all diatoms detected in the live samples at arrival was 5.4 × 10 9 cells (12 ICU ships calling on Saint John harbor within 2 wk; Table 2).…”

“…Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Villac et al 2001, McCollin et al 2007, Taylor et al 2007, Klein et al 2009a. The few studies that included ballast sediments confirmed the occurrence and/or germinating potential of dinoflagellate cysts and/or diatoms (Hallegraeff & Bolch 1992, Kelly 1993, Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Hamer et al 2000, 2001, Villac et al 2001, Waters et al 2001, Pertola et al 2006. The ability of diatoms to survive the adverse conditions of ballast tanks (darkness, anoxia, fluctuating salinity, temperature and nutrient availability) does not come as a surprise.…”

“…Hallegraeff & Bolch 1992, Marangoni et al 2001, Forbes & Hallegraeff 2002, Burkholder et al 2007, Klein et al 2009a. Dinoflagellates have been a frequent target of more in-depth investigation (Hallegraeff & Bolch 1992, Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Hamer et al 2000, 2001, Pertola et al 2006. This is mostly due to a valid perception of the survival advantage of cyst-forming species under the adverse conditions found in ballast tanks, as well as being a repercussion of case studies of toxin-producing species known to impact fisheries and aquaculture, whose bioinvasion histories have been charted based on paleontological records and/or molecular evidence (McMinn et al 1997, Scholin 1998, Doblin et al 2004.…”