Survey of congenital anomalies associated with cleft lip and/or palate in 701,181 Japanese people

Non-syndromic orofacial clefts in Southern Italy: pattern analysis according to gender, history of maternal smoking, folic acid intake and familial diabetes

“…pattern RCL+RCA+RCLA+CP) were more frequent in females, while left sided clefts were more frequent in males. The fact that CL(A)7P and CPO have different frequencies between the genders has been found in other epidemiological studies carried out on different populations and geographic areas (Calzolari et al, 1988;Menegotto and Salzano, 1991;Milan et al, 1994;Shapira et al, 1999;Cooper et al, 2000;Natsume et al, 2000Natsume et al, , 2001Rajabian and Sherkat, 2000). This is not surprising as it is well known that they have different genetic backgrounds (Fraser, 1970;Carinci et al, 2000Carinci et al, ,2003.…”

“…Epidemiological studies on different populations are of paramount importance for detecting different genetic groups in homogeneous ethnic samples (for example by demonstrating a correlation between phenotype and gender), and for demonstrating the role of environmental factors in different geographical areas (Calzolari et al, 1988;Menegotto and Salzano, 1991;Milan et al, 1994;Cooper et al, 2000;Natsume et al, 2000Natsume et al, ,2001Rajabian and Sherkat, 2000;Shapira et al, 1999). 1 À À À À À À + 12 25 0.0014 29 7 1 2 12 25 0.0014 15 2 À + À À À À À 10 5 13 1 0.027 25 11 0.018 12 3 1 3 À + À À À À + 0 1 1 5 9 1 9 4 À + À + À À À 7 2 5 4 1 4 5 5 5 À + À + À + À 3 2 4 1 6 3 4 1 17 6 À + À + À + + 13 4 0.0359 11 6 4 1 13 4 1 7 À + À + + + + 0 1 1 14 3 1 2 8 À + + À + À + 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 + À À À À À À 4 2 6 2 5 1 2 1 0 + À + À À À À 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 + À + À + À À 2 0 2 2 1 1 10 12 + À + À + À + 2 8 0.0281 7 3 2 7 3 1 1 3 + À + À + + + 1 0 1 9 1 1 2 1 4 + + À À À À À 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 + + À À À À + 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 6 + + À À + + + 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 7 + + À + À + + 1 0 1 1 1 1 18 + + + À + À + 1 0 1 1 1 1 19 + + + + À À À 0 1 1 1 1 11 20 + + + + + + + 7 4 8 2 1 8 3…”

“…The average incidence is one to two per 1000 live births (Calzolari et al, 1988;Menegotto and Salzano, 1991;Milan et al, 1994;Shapira et al, 1999;Cooper et al, 2000;Natsume et al, 2000Natsume et al, , 2001Rajabian and Sherkat, 2000).…”

Epidemiology of cleft palate alone and cleft palate with accompanying defects

“…In most studies, the estimated occurrence of cleft palate with accompanying defects is 25% or less; [1][2][3][4][5][6] but other studies have reported 45% up to 70% [7][8][9][10] A few specific combinations of defects are known, such as the Pierre Robin Sequence, but most combinations are not recognized as specific syndromes [11]. Still, cases with multiple defects are often called ''syndromic'' cases.…”

Central nervous malformations in presence of clefts reflect developmental interplay

“…The reported incidences of additional malformations range from 4.5% 11 to 63% 15 , with a majority between 15% and 35% 2,7,16,21,23 . This variability is largely attributable to differing study methodology 4 .…”