Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a prevalent public health problem that disproportionately affects African Americans, despite intense efforts targeting traditional risk factors. Periodontal disease, a chronic bacterial infection of the oral cavity, is both common and modifiable and has been implicated as a novel potential CKD risk factor. We sought to examine to what extent periodontal disease is associated with kidney function decline.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study of 699 African American participants with preserved kidney function defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60ml/min/1.73m2 at baseline who underwent complete dental examinations as part of the Dental-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (1996–1998) and subsequently enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study (2000–2004). Using multivariable Poisson regression we examined the association of periodontal disease (severe vs. non-severe) with incident CKD defined as incident eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2
and rapid (5% annualized) eGFR decline at follow-up among those with preserved eGFR at baseline.
Results
Mean age at baseline was 65.4 years (SD 5.2) and 16.3% (n=114) had severe periodontal disease. There were 21 cases (3.0%) of incident CKD after a mean follow-up of 4.8 (SD 0.6) years. Compared to participants with non-severe periodontal disease, those with severe periodontal disease had a 4-fold greater rate of incident CKD [adjusted incidence rate ratio 4.18, 95% CI (1.68 – 10.39), p=0.002].
Conclusion
Severe periodontal disease is prevalent among a population at high-risk for CKD and is associated with clinically significant kidney function decline. Further research is needed to determine if periodontal disease treatment alters the trajectory of renal deterioration.