Surface orientation, modulation frequency and the detection and perception of depth defined by binocular disparity and motion parallax

Bradshaw, Mark F.; Hibbard, Paul B.; Parton, Andrew; Rose, David; Langley, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.011

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Humans find these easier to detect than vertically-oriented gratings [7], [47]–[49]. It is currently unclear what model features would be required to match this feature of stereo vision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Stereoresolution for Depth Corrugations May Be Set in Primary Visual Cortex

Allenmark

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2011

PLoS Comput Biol

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Stereo “3D” depth perception requires the visual system to extract binocular disparities between the two eyes' images. Several current models of this process, based on the known physiology of primary visual cortex (V1), do this by computing a piecewise-frontoparallel local cross-correlation between the left and right eye's images. The size of the “window” within which detectors examine the local cross-correlation corresponds to the receptive field size of V1 neurons. This basic model has successfully captured many aspects of human depth perception. In particular, it accounts for the low human stereoresolution for sinusoidal depth corrugations, suggesting that the limit on stereoresolution may be set in primary visual cortex. An important feature of the model, reflecting a key property of V1 neurons, is that the initial disparity encoding is performed by detectors tuned to locally uniform patches of disparity. Such detectors respond better to square-wave depth corrugations, since these are locally flat, than to sinusoidal corrugations which are slanted almost everywhere. Consequently, for any given window size, current models predict better performance for square-wave disparity corrugations than for sine-wave corrugations at high amplitudes. We have recently shown that this prediction is not borne out: humans perform no better with square-wave than with sine-wave corrugations, even at high amplitudes. The failure of this prediction raised the question of whether stereoresolution may actually be set at later stages of cortical processing, perhaps involving neurons tuned to disparity slant or curvature. Here we extend the local cross-correlation model to include existing physiological and psychophysical evidence indicating that larger disparities are detected by neurons with larger receptive fields (a size/disparity correlation). We show that this simple modification succeeds in reconciling the model with human results, confirming that stereoresolution for disparity gratings may indeed be limited by the size of receptive fields in primary visual cortex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Stereoresolution for Depth Corrugations May Be Set in Primary Visual Cortex

Allenmark

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2011

PLoS Comput Biol

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“…This is largely an empirical issue, and to date qualitative differences have not been found between monocular and binocular vision when they are probed with simple psychophysical tasks (Bouzit and Hibbard, 2006;Koenderink, 1998;Koenderink et al, 1994). Thus, while for extreme cases such as random dot stereograms there will be clear differences between monocular and binocular viewing, and while differences have been observed in the exact manner in which, for example, binocular disparity and motion parallax may be processed (Bradshaw et al, 2006), there is no clear evidence for differences in the geometrical nature of the depth representations formed on the basis of monocular and binocular cues.…”

Section: Representationalism and Binocular Visionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can appearance be so deceptive? Representationalism and binocular vision

Hibbard

2008

Spatial Vis

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Psychophysical experiments have demonstrated that visual information is used to construct a number of representations of the three-dimensional structure of our environment, and may be used in a variety of specific ways in order to perform perceptual tasks and to control our actions. There remain however important unanswered questions about the nature of these representations and their relationship to perceptual experience. The first question relates to the nature of the representation of depth. While there is broad agreement that multiple representations are involved, there is some disagreement about the exact nature and relationship between these representations. The second question to be asked is how these representations relate to our perceptual experience. While it has been suggested that experience is associated with activity in the ventral visual pathway, it is argued here that its characteristics are in many ways more closely aligned with those suggested for processing in the dorsal pathway. The final question addressed is whether there exist qualitative differences between monocular and binocular visual processing. It is argued that, while there appear to be no fundamental geometrical differences between monocular and binocular vision, it is possible that binocular vision may possess a quality or vividness that does not supervene on such geometrical properties. By allowing us to pose specific questions of this sort, it is proposed that the study of binocular vision can provide valuable insights regarding representationalist views of visual experience.

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“…Thus, the discussion below of studies that have used real discrete targets in depth is more relevant as a background to our work. Bradshaw et al (2006) showed that depth magnitude based on disparity and motion parallax cues was not predictable from depth thresholds; thus we concentrate on studies that measured metric depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth Interval Estimates from Motion Parallax and Binocular Disparity beyond Interaction Space

2011

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Static and dynamic observers provided binocular and monocular estimates of the depths between real objects lying well beyond interaction space. On each trial, pairs of LEDs were presented inside a dark railway tunnel. The nearest LED was always 40 m from the observer, with the depth separation between LED pairs ranging from 0 up to 248 m. Dynamic binocular viewing was found to produce the greatest (ie most veridical) estimates of depth magnitude, followed next by static binocular viewing, and then by dynamic monocular viewing. (No significant depth was seen with static monocular viewing.) We found evidence that both binocular and monocular dynamic estimates of depth were scaled for the observation distance when the ground plane and walls of the tunnel were visible up to the nearest LED. We conclude that both motion parallax and stereopsis provide useful long-distance depth information and that motion parallax information can enhance the degree of stereoscopic depth seen.

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Surface orientation, modulation frequency and the detection and perception of depth defined by binocular disparity and motion parallax

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Spatial Stereoresolution for Depth Corrugations May Be Set in Primary Visual Cortex

Spatial Stereoresolution for Depth Corrugations May Be Set in Primary Visual Cortex

Can appearance be so deceptive? Representationalism and binocular vision

Depth Interval Estimates from Motion Parallax and Binocular Disparity beyond Interaction Space

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