Surface modifications to enhance osseointegration–Resulting material properties and biological responses

Abstract

As life expectancy and the age of the general population increases so does the need for improved implants. A major contributor to the failure of implants is poor osseointegration, which is typically described as the direct connection between bone and implant. This leads to unnecessary complications and an increased burden on the patient population. Modification of the implant surfaces through novel techniques, such as varying topography and/or applying coatings, has become a popular method to enhance the osseointegration capability of implants. Recent research has shown that particular surface features influence how bone cells interact with a material; however, it is unknown which exact features achieve optimal bone integration. In this review, current methods of modifying surfaces will be highlighted, and the resulting surface characteristics and biological responses are discussed. Review of the current strategies of surface modifications found that many coating types are more advantageous when used in combination; however, finding a surface modification that utilizes the mutual beneficial effects of important surface characteristics while still maintaining commercial viability is where future challenges exist.

Influence of Nano, Micro, and Macro Topography of Dental Implant Surfaces on Human Gingival Fibroblasts

“…Several studies reported that hydrophilicity and surface roughness are critical parameters in the implant-tissue interaction and osseointegration. In particular, hydrophilic surfaces are more desirable than hydrophobic ones in view of their interactions with biological fluids, cells, and tissues [11][12][13]. The modification of the implant surface topography at nanoscale level has been largely investigated.…”

Evaluation of the Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Properties of Metal Oxide Coatings Applied by Magnetron Sputtering as Potential Biofunctional Surface Modifications for Orthopedic Implants

“…It is known that surface modifications allow harnessing of the biological response that may significantly reduce implant failure or patient rejection. Although appropriate biological responses being triggered by certain surface modifications are known, there is still a long way to go in developing biomaterials with the optimal surface features that ensure a successful osseointegration process [ 80 ]. Many techniques have been described for obtaining positive surface modifications.…”

Nanostructured Titanium Implant Surface Facilitating Osseointegration from Protein Adsorption to Osteogenesis: The Example of TiO2 NTAs

“…By fabricating the nanostructured surface, the surface nano-topological pattern is formed simultaneously. 13 Studies show that nano-topography can improve osseointegration in several aspects, including protein adsorption, 14 , 15 fibrin clot attachment, 16 , 17 cell behavior 18 , 19 and immune response. 20 On one side, the nano-topological oxide layer increases cell adhesion and influences the secretion of cytokines.…”