Surface modification of carbon black to facilitate suspension polymerization of styrene and carbon black

Abstract

To carry out suspension polymerization of styrene in the presence of carbon black, an effective method was introduced to modify carbon black using nitric acid for oxygen treatment. The surface modification of carbon black with oxidation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which demonstrated that the chemical structure of carbon black has clearly changed. Compared with pristine carbon black (CB), SEM illustrates that the aggregation phenomenon of modified carbon black (MCB) was clearly weakened. After modification, the aggregation and inhibition effects of MCB on the polymerization of polystyrene/modified CB (PS/MCB) composite particles are obviously weakened. The lipophilicity of CB after modification was also increased during the synthesis of PS/MCB. The oxidized CB was successfully dispersed by polystyrene using in situ suspension polymerization. The dispersion and dosage of MCB in PS/MCB composite particles was greatly improved over that of CB in PS/CB composite particles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46387.

Fabrication of modern lithium ion batteries by 3D inkjet printing: opportunities and challenges

“…Therefore, in order to increase their hydrophilicity and dispersibility, chemical treatments can be applied. However, it was reported that this strategy unfavorably influences their electronic conductivity [158] , [159] .…”

High‐value application of glass beads/porous carbon obtained from coal gasification fine slag as alternative for carbon black in natural rubber composite

“…This hybrid structure is more conducive to reinforcing the polymer matrix. [1,2,15,16] Representative TEM images of CGFS-C and CGFS-F are shown in Figure 4E,F, respectively. It can be observed that CGFS-C and CGFS-F were composed of regular glass spheres with smooth surfaces and unburned carbon with a rougher surface.…”

“…Carbon black (CB), which exhibit excellent mechanical properties and multi‐functional features, has been widely used as an activated filler in rubber. [ 1–3 ] However, rubbers demand a considerable amount of CB particles, which may result in large heat built‐up, poor dispersion of fillers, and vulcanization retardation, in addition to environmental pollution. CB giant Cabot had announced that the price of all CB products in North America would increase by $0.06/lb from July 1, 2021.…”

Surface modification of commercial carbon black by silane coupling agents for improving dispersibility in rubber compounds

“…4,7,[11][12][13][14] The surface oxidation methods widely used to introduce oxygen-containing groups (such as hydroxyl, ketone, phenol, ether, and carboxylic acid) on the surface of CB to prepare it for subsequent modification by covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions, and/or to reach better dispersion in the polar media. 3,4,[12][13][14][18][19][20][21] The commonly involved oxidizing reagents are nitric acid, [6][7][8]10,14,[22][23][24][25][26] the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid, 4,13,20,21,23,27,28 hydrogen peroxide, 3,12,19 citric acid, 29,30 maleic acid, 5 persulfates 31 , and others. Based on the mechanism of silanization reactions, silane-coupling agents should react with hydroxide-rich surfaces to improve the dispersion of a filler into the polymer (rubber) matrix.…”