Surface Modification of Calcium Silicate via Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine and Effective Adsorption of Extracellular Matrix to Promote Osteogenesis Differentiation for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based cement has garnered huge interest in recent years, due to its versatility and potential in mass fabrication of a variety of bioceramics. For this study, the main objective was to fabricate functionalized calcium silicate (CS) powder integrated with a simple bio-inspired surface modification using polydopamine (PDA), to regulate cellular behaviors such as cellular adhesion, and subsequently cell differentiation and proliferation. For this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were used to analyze the chemical compositions and observe the surface characteristics of our PDA coated CS cements. Such modifications were found to enhance Wharton Jelly’s mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSC) in various ways. Firstly, PDA-coated CS cements were found to significantly enhance cell adhesion with higher expressions of cell adhesion markers, such as focal adhesion kinase and integrins. This was further supported by morphology analysis of the cells. This enhanced cell adhesion, in turn, led to significantly higher secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen I and fibronectin, which directly promoted cell attachments and proliferation. In our osteogenesis assays, it was found that secretion and expression of osteogenesis related genes and proteins were significantly higher and were dependent on the PDA content. Therefore, these results demonstrated that such simple bio-inspired modification techniques of synthetic degradable CS cements can be applied as a future modification, to modify and convert inert surfaces of synthetic bone grafts to enhance and modulate the cell behaviors of WJMSCs. This in turn can be used as a potential alternative for further bioengineering research.

Improved Bioactivity of 3D Printed Porous Titanium Alloy Scaffold with Chitosan/Magnesium-Calcium Silicate Composite for Orthopaedic Applications

“…Moreover, the Ca ion plays a pivotal role in regulating the interactions between cellular materials or cell matrices that vary cell functions during culturing [37]. Furthermore, there has been evidence found indicating that presence of Si ions enhances the proliferation of bone cells, as well as increasing collagen production, ALP activities, and osteocalcin levels [38]. Furthermore, low levels of Ca and Si ions have been shown to promote osteoblast and fibroblast proliferation [39,40].…”

“…However, there have been several success studies reported in the literature for isolation and characterization of stem cells from Wharton’s jelly tissue [43]. Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) are thought to constitute potential candidates for tissue regeneration, and driving them into the osteogenic lineage shows great promise for new bone regeneration [38]. Therefore, to determine the ability of the Mg–CS/CH-coated Ti–6Al–4V scaffold proposed in this study to support initial cellular adhesion, we studied the level of Col I (Figure 7A) and FN (Figure 7B) secreted after cells were seeded for 1 and 3 h. At both time periods, cells seeded on the CS20 and CS50 scaffolds exhibited significantly higher levels ( p < 0.05) of Col I secretion of 35.0 ± 2.4 and 40.8 ± 2.7 pg/mL, respectively, as compared to only 28.6 ± 2.2 and 21.6 ± 2.3 pg/mL for the CS0 and Ti–6Al–4V scaffolds, respectively.…”

“…The value for CS20 and CS50 groups were significantly ( p < 0.05) higher CS0. In a previous study, Col and FN were the main proteins found to be expressed and secreted throughout the phases of cell adhesion [38]. In addition, the adsorption of ECM proteins was found to positively influence in vivo biomaterial live bone bonding [44].…”

The Calcium Channel Affect Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Strontium-Substituted Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold

“…In addition, several reports had been made indicating that the addition of certain metallic elements into biomaterials may enhance bioactivity, biocompatibility, and include anti-microbial activities. Numerous modification techniques had been tested on CS such as using dopamine, aluminum alloys, or even lectins to attempt to enhance the properties of CS [27]. Previously, several studies were proved that the incorporation of additional ions, such as Mg, Zn, and Sr into the CS-based system [28][29][30].…”

Assessment of the Release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor from 3D-Printed Poly-ε-Caprolactone/Hydroxyapatite/Calcium Sulfate Scaffold with Enhanced Osteogenic Capacity

“…The application of 3D printing in medicine thus allows us to fabricate scaffolds with tunable structural characteristics in order to overcome clinical problems [14][15][16]. Recent studies have shown that the modification of bioceramics with natural materials can enhance the biocompatibility and bioactivity of bioceramics, thus making it a better potential candidate as compared to pure bioceramics [17,18]. Several studies have indicated that modification with HA bioceramics composites was able to improve the material's physicochemical properties, enhancing its mechanical properties and accelerating cellular proliferation and differentiation, thus leading to the promotion of osteoconduction [19][20][21].…”