“…Among these, the phase-change contrast agent (PCCA) has been proposed for a wide range of applications as a result of its unique functionality (Rapoport 2012, Sheeran and Dayton 2012). When generated at microscale and nanoscale sizes, perfluorocarbon-based PCCAs have shown preclinical promise as highly-dynamic agents for applications such as selective vascular occlusion (Kripfgans et al 2000, Kripfgans et al 2002, Kripfgans et al 2005, Zhang et al 2010), cavitation nucleation enhancement and acoustic ablation (Miller et al 2000, Zhang and Porter 2010, Zhang et al 2011, Phillips et al 2013), generation of in vivo contrast (Kripfgans et al 2000, Haworth et al 2008, Reznik et al 2011, Sheeran et al 2011b, Wang et al 2012b, Wang et al 2012a, Couture et al 2012, Sheeran et al 2013), therapeutic delivery (Rapoport et al 2009b, Fabiilli et al 2010b, Fabiilli et al 2010a, Rapoport et al 2011, Couture et al 2012, Javadi et al 2012, Lattin et al 2012), and integration with other imaging modalities (Rapoport et al 2011, Strohm et al 2011, Wilson et al 2012, Strohm et al 2012). The utility of PCCAs stems primarily from their ability to be used in both the liquid and gas states, and the use of a non-invasive modality (ultrasound) to trigger this transition both temporally and spatially.…”