Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: Evidence of a sugar deprivation effect

Avena, Nicole M.; Long, Kristin A.; Hoebel, Bartley G.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.016

Cited by 179 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We then hypothesized that cocaine SA may have cross-sensitized reinforcement circuits to novelty, which acts on converging reward pathways (Bardo et al, 1996;Besheer et al, 1999). To address this question, we examined whether novel cues reinstated sucrose-seeking behavior using parameters that are not consistent with sensitizing effects from sucrose reinforcement (Avena et al, 2005). Nevertheless, a similar outcome occurred where all sucrose groups reinstated regardless of whether they received CS + or novel cues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Cues Reinstate Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and Induce Fos Protein Expression as Effectively as Conditioned Cues

Bastle

Kufahl

Turk

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cue reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior is a widely used model of cue-elicited craving in abstinent human addicts. This study examined Fos protein expression in response to cocaine cues or to novel cues as a control for activation produced by test novelty. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine paired with either a light or a tone cue, or received yoked saline and cue presentations, and then underwent daily extinction training. They were then tested for reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by response-contingent presentations of either the cocaine-paired cue or a novel cue (that is, tone for those trained with a light or vice versa). Surprisingly, conditioned and novel cues both reinstated responding and increased Fos similarly in most brain regions. Exceptions included the anterior cingulate, which was sensitive to test cue modality in saline controls and the dorsomedial caudate-putamen, where Fos was correlated with responding in the novel, but not conditioned, cue groups. In subsequent experiments, we observed a similar pattern of reinstatement in rats trained and tested for sucrose-seeking behavior, whereas rats trained and tested with the cues only reinstated to a novel, and not a familiar, light or tone. The results suggest that novel cues reinstate responding to a similar extent as conditioned cues regardless of whether animals have a reinforcement history with cocaine or sucrose, and that both types of cues activate similar brain circuits. Several explanations as to why converging processes may drive drug and novel cue reinforcement and seeking behavior are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Cues Reinstate Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and Induce Fos Protein Expression as Effectively as Conditioned Cues

Bastle

Kufahl

Turk

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The BIS/BAS is a 24-item questionnaire that measures behavioral inhibition and three subscales of behavioral activation: Reward Responsiveness (5 items; score range [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], Drive (4 items; score range 4-16) and FunSeeking (4 items; score range 4-16). The BIS (Inhibition) scale is comprised of 7 items (score range 7-28).…”

Section: Bis/basmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palatable foods, especially those high in sugar and/or fat, have been shown to release brain opioids and dopamine in the VTA and NAc in a similar manner to addictive drugs. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Alterations in brain function become relevant to human conditions when translated into altered patterns of behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function

et al. 2009

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Background:The major aim of this study was to investigate whether the motivational salience of food cues (as reflected by their attention-grabbing properties) differs between obese and normal-weight subjects in a manner consistent with altered reward system function in obesity. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 18 obese and 18 normal-weight, otherwise healthy, adult women between the ages of 18 and 35 participated in an eye-tracking paradigm in combination with a visual probe task. Eye movements and reaction time to food and non-food images were recorded during both fasted and fed conditions in a counterbalanced design. Eating behavior and hunger level were assessed by self-report measures. Obese individuals had higher scores than normalweight individuals on self-report measures of responsiveness to external food cues and vulnerability to disruptions in control of eating behavior. Both obese and normal-weight individuals demonstrated increased gaze duration for food compared to nonfood images in the fasted condition. In the fed condition, however, despite reduced hunger in both groups, obese individuals maintained the increased attention to food images, whereas normal-weight individuals had similar gaze duration for food and non-food images. Additionally, obese individuals had preferential orienting toward food images at the onset of each image. Obese and normal-weight individuals did not differ in reaction time measures in the fasted or fed condition. Conclusions/Significance: Food cue incentive salience is elevated equally in normal-weight and obese individuals during fasting. Obese individuals retain incentive salience for food cues despite feeding and decreased self-report of hunger. Sensitization to food cues in the environment and their dysregulation in obese individuals may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of obesity.

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“…In brief, they fall into three behavioral categories, First "excessive intake", which refers to an unusually large meal in the form of a "binge, " that is larger than an animal would take when feeding ad libitum [25], second, "withdrawal, " which occurs in response to fasting, or when naloxone is administered, [75], and third, "craving, " which, for lack of a better word, is defined as long-lasting signs of enhanced motivation seen during abstinence. These protracted effects seen after more than a week of sugar abstinence include: first, "cross-sensitization, " in which the animals are hyperactive in their exploration of an open-field when given a low dose of amphetamine or cocaine [75,77], second, the "deprivation effect, " in which the animals engage in more lever pressing for sugar than ever before [78], third the "gateway effect", shown as an increased intake of alcohol compared with control rats [79], and (d) the "incubation effect, " which refers to the growing motivation to lever press for sugar-associated cues during abstinence [80].…”

Section: Sugar Bingeing and Its Opiate-like Withdrawal Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

Hoebel

Avena

Rada

2007

Current Opinion in Pharmacology

147

116

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SummaryUnderstanding systems for approach and avoidance is basic for behavioral neuroscience. Research on the neural organization and functions of the dorsal striatum in movement disorders, such as Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease, can inform the study of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in motivational disorders, such as addiction and depression. We propose opposing roles for dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAc in the control of GABA output systems for approach and avoidance. Contrary to DA, which fosters approach, ACh release is a correlate or cause of meal satiation, conditioned taste aversion and aversive brain stimulation. ACh may also counteract excessive DA-mediated approach behavior as revealed during withdrawal from drugs of abuse or sugar, when the animal enters an ACh-mediated state of anxiety and behavioral depression. This review summarizes evidence that ACh is important in the inhibition of behavior when extracellular DA is high and the generation of an anxious or depressed state when DA is relatively low.

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Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: Evidence of a sugar deprivation effect

Cited by 179 publications

References 43 publications

Novel Cues Reinstate Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and Induce Fos Protein Expression as Effectively as Conditioned Cues

Novel Cues Reinstate Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and Induce Fos Protein Expression as Effectively as Conditioned Cues

Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

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