Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs

Barreto, Maurício L.; Teixeira, Maria Glória; Bastos, Francisco I.; Ximenes, Ricardo A. A.; Barata, Rita Barradas; Rodrigues, Laura C.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60202-x

Cited by 311 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Consequently, the incidence of infectious diseases declined, but the impact on leprosy is not yet fully clear 5,6 . Studies point out that cash transfer policies were related to the decrease in disease incidence, while the expansion of the Family Health Care Strategy improved t h e detection of new cases 6,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Leprosy remains a public health problem in developing countries. Among communicable diseases, it is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. Brazil had not reached the goal of reducing cases to less than 1 per 10,000 population. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Brazil, using a literature review. The search strategy included the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with no language or period restriction. Ecological studies with spatial data analysis were considered as a criterion for the inclusion. We found 38 studies for review after the selection criteria. Among the epidemiological indicators of the disease, the most common was the new case detection rate. Several articles have explored the association between spatial distribution of leprosy and socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. The most common unit of analysis was the municipality. The spatial distribution methods mostly used were: empirical Bayesian method, autocorrelation (Moran's I index) and Kernel estimates. The distribution of leprosy was very heterogeneous, independent of t h e unit of analysis. There was a decrease in the rate of detection and among under-15-year-olds, but some regions maintained high endemicity during the study period. The distribution and risk of illness were directly related to living conditions of the population. Improved access to health services was associated with increased detection rate in some regions. Spatial analysis seems to be a very useful tool to study leprosy and to guide interventions and surveillance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…To better understand the roles of social and behavioural determinants in the transmission of helminth infections, we employed a Bayesian multi-level modelling approach considering the spatial and hierarchical attributes of our data, and some previous studies used similar modelling approaches (Barreto et al, 2011;Cohen et al, 2007;Mossong et al, 2008). According to the BIC value, the non-spatial model, which excluded the spatial correlation between households, had a better fit than the spatial model and was therefore employed to investigate the risk factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human infections and co-infections with helminths in a rural population in Guichi, Anhui Province, China

Ward

et al. 2015

Geospat Health

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Helminth infections are believed to be common in tropical and subtropical countries. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two villages located in Guichi District in Anhui Province, the People's Republic of China, where multiparasitism was investigated using parasitological tests. The data collected were fitted to Bayesian multi-level models to profile risk factors for helminth infections. The prevalence of Schistosoma (S.) japonicum, Ascaris (A.) lumbricoides and Trichuris (T.) trichiura were 0.43% (range: 0-0.87% at the village level), 2.28% (range: 1.69-2.88%), and 0.21% (range: 0-0.42%), respectively. No hookworm infection was found. With regard to multiparasitism, only a 33-year-old female was found to be co-infected with S. japonicum and A. lumbricoides. Multiparasitism was unexpectedly rare in the study area, which contrasts with results from other studies carried out elsewhere in the country. The long-term usage of albendazole for individuals serologically positive for schistosomiasis may be the main reason, but this needs to be confirmed by future studies.

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“…The decentralization of assistance, which is now offered at the primary health care level, was an important landmark for the increase in new case detection and large-scale MDT implementation, with the consequent reduction in treatment duration and disease prevalence. 1,2 Maintaining the interest of health professionals in neglected diseases, including leprosy, when facing a complex prevalent nosology, which includes an increase in both chronic degenerative diseases and externally caused events, 3 has become a challenge for health services at all levels. The challenge is even greater in low-prevalence areas, where the diagnosis of new cases, though less frequent, still exists and should continue for years or even decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%