Substitutes for phosphate containing washing products: Their toxicity and biodegradability in the aquatic environment

Canton, J.H.; Slooff, W

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(82)90136-9

Cited by 32 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The results of the present study generally agree with literature data (Adema et al, 1981;Bazin et al, 1987;Berglind et al, 1984;Canton et al, 1978Canton et al, , 1982Devillers et al, 1987Devillers et al, , 1990Elnabarrawy et al, 1988;Hermens et al, 1984;Kaiser et al, 1988Kaiser et al, , 1991LeBlanc, 1980;Lewis et al, 1983;Marchini et al, 1988;Munkittrick et al, 1991;Randall et al, 1979;Snell et al, 1989Snell et al, , 1991Taylor, 1985;Vighi et al, 1985;World Health Organization, 1990).…”

Section: Sensitivity To Organic and Organometallic Compoundssupporting

confidence: 92%

Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus

Crisinei

Delaunay

Rossel

et al. 1994

Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.

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Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests are simple and low‐cost methods for assessing acute toxicity. Nevertheless, only a few comparative studies on their sensitivity are known. In the present study, the suitability of the use of two freshwater Anostracan species, Streptocephalus rubricaudatus and S. texanus, was assessed. The impact of 16 priority pollutants (4 heavy metals, 11 organic, and 1 organometallic compounds) on these two species, as well as on Artemia salina (Artoxkit M), Daphnia magna (International Organization for Standardization 6341), and S. proboscideus (Streptoxkit F) was assessed. For indicative comparison, bioassays using Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotoxkit F) and Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox) were also performed. For heavy metals (K2Cr2O7, Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+), the sensitivity of the two studied Streptocephalus species was slightly higher than that of D. magna. It was significantly more elevated than for the marine A. salina. For organic and organometallic micropollutants [phenol, 3,5‐dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol (PCP), hydroquinone, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tributylphosphate, dimethylphthalate, atrazine, lindane, malathion, tributyltin chloride (TBT‐CI)], the sensitivity of the 4 anostracan species was of the same order of magnitude as that of D. magna. Artemia salina was slightly less sensitive to some organic compounds (PCP, hydroquinone, TBT‐CI). The sensitivity of S. rubricaudatus to organic solvents was low. On the other hand, this anostracan was quite sensitive to NaCI. Thus, its use is restricted to freshwater samples. The evaluation of global practicability of these two tests confirms that cyst‐based freshwater anostracans may be used to perform low‐cost tests at a sensitivity comparable to that of D. magna (24 h immobilization test). © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

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Section: Sensitivity To Organic and Organometallic Compoundssupporting

confidence: 92%

Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus

Crisinei

Delaunay

Rossel

et al. 1994

Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.

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“…These di!erences in relative toxicity occurred because the toxicity of STPP, zeolite, sodium silicate solution, and sodium citrate to C. cf. dubia was noticeably greater than that reported for D. magna (Freeman and Fowler, 1953;Canton and Sloo!, 1982;United Nations, 1992;Hennes-Morgan and de Oude, 1994;Morse et al, 1994) while the sodium carbonate EC values for D. magna and C. cf. dubia were similar (Dowden, 1961;Dowden and Bennett, 1965).…”

Section: Aquatic Toxicity Of Laundry Detergent Componentsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The STPP was more toxic (mmol/L) than most of the alternative builders*sodium carbonate, soda ash, and sodium citrate. The literature (United Nations, 1992;Dowden and Bennett, 1965;Dowden, 1961;Freeman and Fowler, 1953;Hennes-Morgan and de Oude, 1994;Canton and Sloo!, 1982;Morse et al, 1994) indicated that STPP, soda ash, and possibly zeolite had similar toxicities and were all more toxic to D. magna than the sodium silicate solution. These di!erences in relative toxicity occurred because the toxicity of STPP, zeolite, sodium silicate solution, and sodium citrate to C. cf.…”

Section: Aquatic Toxicity Of Laundry Detergent Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Warne

Schifko

1999

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…The lowest value of 6.7 mg/L is not valid for prediction of effects in natural waters, as water hardness is reported as 0 mg CaCO 3 /L [47]. The only long‐term data available were a 96‐h NOEC for algae and a 21‐d NOEC for Daphnia magna determined by Canton and Slooff [48]. Short‐term L(E)C50 for alkyl chain length C 12 to C 14 values range from 3.3 to 118 mg/L for bacteria, green algae, crustaceans, and fish.…”

Section: Pnec For Soapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicted no‐effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants: Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap

Plassche

Bruijn

Stephenson

et al. 1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

101

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Assessment of aquatic effects requires the derivation of a predicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC). In the framework of the Dutch “Plan of Action Laundry and Cleaning Products,” PNECs were derived for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylates (AE), alcohol ethoxylated sulfates (AES), and soap. All stages in an aquatic effects assessment were used: initial (assessment factors based mainly on short‐term toxicity data), refined (statistical extrapolation based on long‐term toxicity data), and comprehensive (field studies). Where necessary (i.e., where other structures had been tested in toxicity tests), the toxicity data were normalized to these structures using quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSARs) for short‐term toxicity. Results from statistical extrapolation were compared with field no observed effect concentrations (NOECs), and a final PNEC was derived. Final PNECs for LAS, AE, AES, and soap were 250, 110, 400, and 27 μg/L, respectively. These PNECs were compared with predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in surface water that were derived from monitoring results of removal of these surfactants in seven representative wastewater treatment plants. It is concluded that for LAS, AE, and AES, the PECs in the environment are about 50 to 100 times lower than the PNECs. The PEC for soap is about equal to the PNEC that is based on acute toxicity data. However, because the available chronic toxicity data for soap demonstrate that this substance is not more toxic than the other three surfactants, there is no reason for concern. On the basis of the results of the risk characterization, it has been concluded in the Netherlands that in properly functioning wastewater treatment plants, the risks for the aquatic compartment from the use of LAS, AE, AES, and soap are low.

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Substitutes for phosphate containing washing products: Their toxicity and biodegradability in the aquatic environment

Cited by 32 publications

References 24 publications

Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus

Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Predicted no‐effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants: Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap

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