Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus

Abstract

Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests are simple and low‐cost methods for assessing acute toxicity. Nevertheless, only a few comparative studies on their sensitivity are known. In the present study, the suitability of the use of two freshwater Anostracan species, Streptocephalus rubricaudatus and S. texanus, was assessed. The impact of 16 priority pollutants (4 heavy metals, 11 organic, and 1 organometallic compounds) on these two species, as well as on Artemia salina (Artoxkit M), Daphnia magna (International Organization for Standardization 6341), and S. proboscideus (Streptoxkit F) was assessed. For indicative comparison, bioassays using Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotoxkit F) and Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox) were also performed. For heavy metals (K2Cr2O7, Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+), the sensitivity of the two studied Streptocephalus species was slightly higher than that of D. magna. It was significantly more elevated than for the marine A. salina. For organic and organometallic micropollutants [phenol, 3,5‐dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol (PCP), hydroquinone, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tributylphosphate, dimethylphthalate, atrazine, lindane, malathion, tributyltin chloride (TBT‐CI)], the sensitivity of the 4 anostracan species was of the same order of magnitude as that of D. magna. Artemia salina was slightly less sensitive to some organic compounds (PCP, hydroquinone, TBT‐CI). The sensitivity of S. rubricaudatus to organic solvents was low. On the other hand, this anostracan was quite sensitive to NaCI. Thus, its use is restricted to freshwater samples. The evaluation of global practicability of these two tests confirms that cyst‐based freshwater anostracans may be used to perform low‐cost tests at a sensitivity comparable to that of D. magna (24 h immobilization test). © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

Acute Toxicity of Locust Insecticides to Two Indigenous Invertebrates from Sahelian Temporary Ponds

“…Fourty-eight-hour L(E)C values for A. sardeus and D. magna were 42.2 and 1 g/L, respectively. The low toxicity of malathion to Streptocephalus in the present experiments con"rms the results of Calleja et al (1994) and Crisinel et al (1994) who reported 24-h LC values of the substance for three Streptocephalus species ranging from 54.6 to 81.5 mg/L, even though these investigators used larvae instead of adults. Because malathion (a phosphorodithioate with a succinate leaving group) belongs to another group of organophosphates than chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion (both phosphorothioates, but with a heterocyclic and a phenyl leaving group, respectively), these results indicate that there may exist a biochemical basis for the relative insensitivity of Streptocephalus to malathion.…”

“…Because fairy shrimp produce drought-resistant cysts, they have recently received increased attention for use in cost-e!ective cyst-based toxicity tests (Brendonck and Persoone, 1993). A test with one Streptocephalus species from southeast Africa, S. proboscideus, has been developed (e.g., Centeno et al, 1992Centeno et al, , 1993a, and tests have also been carried out with S. rubricaudatus and S. texanus, two species from northern Africa and North America, respectively (Crisinel et al, 1994). A cyst-based version of the S. proboscideus test has been commercially available for some time as Streptotoxkit F (Persoone, 1998).…”

Organophosphorus pesticides toxicity on brine shrimp artemia

“…In an earlier study, a group researcher reported 24hr LC50 value of 81.5 ppm for Malathion to the freshwater anostracan, Streptocephalus proboscidius nauplii [41]. A group of scientists have found 24hr LC50 value of 67.7 ppm for Malathion to S. sudanicus nauplii [42].…”

Toxicity and Bioconcentration of Cadmium and Copper in Artemia Urmiana Nauplii

“…With respect to other aquatic crustaceans, Artemia is more resistant toward a variety of pollutants [37,38]. For example, toxicity of Cd for Daphnia magna was four times greater than A. fransiscana [39], but concerning the sensitivity of heavy metals, intra and even inter-species differences has been confirmed among several species of Artemia [40].…”