Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Warne, Michael St. J.; Schifko, A.D.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1824

Cited by 86 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It was also concluded that both anionic and non-ionic surfactants are toxic to various aquatic organisms. Similar conclusions were also reported by Warne and Schifko [7] for 30 laundry detergent components. These authors along with Cserháti [8] confirmed that non-ionic surfactants are more toxic than the anionic surfactants.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Jahan

Balzer

Mosto

2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Nonionic surfactants are amphilic chemicals that enhance desorption and bioavailability by increasing solubility and dispersion of poorly soluble hydrocarbons and oils. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of commercial nonionic surfactants by using the Microtox ® Acute Toxicity test which is a rapid, simple test for toxicity. The test uses the luminescent bacterium V. fischeri as the test organism. Five common commercial nonionic surfactants Tergitol NP-10, Triton X-100, Igepal 630, Brij 35 and Tween 40 were used in the study. Light readings were taken initially as well as at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes to see how the toxicity of each surfactant changed with time. Experiments were conducted to determine the five-minute EC 50 values. EC 50 is the effective concentration that causes a 50% decrease in light output in a 5-minute exposure period. A higher effective concentration is interpreted as a lower toxicity. The critical toxic concentration (CTC) was also determined. Toxicity of the surfactants varied according to their difference in chemical structures and branching. EC 50 values were less than the CTC and CMC values of all select surfactants. Higher toxicity was shown by surfactant solutions that contained a benzene ring in comparison to the others.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Jahan

Balzer

Mosto

2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…Sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide, a major components of soap has been fingered in gastrointestinal irritation leading to nausea, severe digestive tract burns and weight loss in an exposed animal [18,19]. Reduction in the blood parameters (WBC, Platelets, PCV, HBG and Differential) of the exposed albino rats compared to the control rat confirm the earlier report of blood parameters reduction in rabbit exposed to the soap [19].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Toxic Effect of African Black Soap (Sabulun salo) on the Histology of Albino Rat Stomach

Mohammed

Umar

Ajayi

et al. 2016

AJMAH

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Background: Sabulun salo (African traditional black soap) is widely used among various local communities in the northern Nigeria as medicinal herb. This experimental research was carried out to study the effect of oral administration of the soap on the stomach of Albino Rats. The administration lasted for the period of two weeks. Objectives: The objectives are to determine the effect of African black soap (Sabulun salo) on the histology of stomach, hematological parameters and food and water consumption. Methodology: 20 Albino rats used for this study were randomly divided into four groups. The first, second and third group (AC, BC, and FC) were orally administered with 2000 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 4000 mg/kg doses of Sabulun salo respectively. The control group received normal saline, the Original Research Article Mohammed et al.; AJMAH, 1(4): 1-6, 2016; Article no.AJMAH.289922 animals were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. The stomach was excised and processed for paraffin embedding. Blood samples were collected for haematological analyses. Results: Incomplete metaplasia of the stomach epithelia were seen in the albino rats fed with 2000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg of the extract while complete metaplasia were observed among those on 4000 mg/kg. There were significant increase in white blood cell, hemoglobin and packed cell volume in the entire groups except the FC group when compared to control. There was decrease in food and water consumption across the groups Conclusion: The results of this research have shown that the Sabulun salo (African traditional black soap) is toxic to the albino rats exposed.

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“…This is probably as a result of the component of P that has surfactants; the main contributor to the toxicity of detergents. Studies have shown that aside from the other components of detergents such as brighteners, builders, fillers, phosphates and bleach, surfactants is the major culprit causing their toxicity (Otitoloju, 2005: Warne andSchifko, 1999). However, the toxicity was further complicated due to the overall components of the insecticide (A) thus in all mixtures they showed synergism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%