Sublethal Effects of Diamide Insecticides on Development and Flight Performance of Chloridea virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Implications for Bt Soybean Refuge Area Management

Abstract

High-dose and refuge are the most important strategies for delaying resistance evolution in Bt crops. Insecticide sprays in refuge areas could be necessary and may limit refuge effectiveness. Here, we evaluated the sublethal effects of two diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide) on Chloridea virescens life history traits and flight performance. Sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide increased larval and pre-pupal development times and decreased larval weight; flubendiamide increased pupal development times. Chlorantraniliprole increased adult male longevity and reduced female fertility, while flubendiamide reduced fecundity. Overall life table parameters were negatively impacted by both treatments. Males exposed to either insecticide showed significant reductions in flight duration and distance for unsustained flights (<30 min). The duration and distance of the first flights were reduced when exposed to chlorantraniliprole. Sustained flights (>30 min) were generally unaffected by insecticide exposure and both sexes flew >6400 m in a single flight. The sublethal effects of flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole on C. virescens’ population dynamics could lead to generation asynchrony and provide insufficient susceptible moths when sprayed on refuge crops. However, the distance and duration of flight may still be sufficient to ensure mixing of potentially resistant and susceptible populations from refuge plots.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Detoxification Mechanism of Chilo suppressalis in Response to the Novel Pesticide Cyproflanilide

“…Sublethal doses of insecticides have been reported to affect development duration, pupal weight and reproduction of pests. For example, chlorpyrifos, etofenprox and phosmet prolonged larval development time, and chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide increased larval and pre-pupal development times and decreased larval weight [ 20 , 21 ]. During physiological activity, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism are the primary source of energy and substrate for organisms [ 22 ].…”

Comparative phosphoproteomics analysis provides insights into the responses of Chilo suppressalis to sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure

“…3,29 In addition to its high insecticidal activity against lepidopterans, sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure disturbed insect development and reduced the longevity and fecundity of several lepidopterans including C. suppressalis. [7][8][9][10] Moreover, studies found that sublethal chlorantraniliprole treatment could also affect the development, reproduction or behavior of insects in other orders including coleoptera, hymenoptera and hemiptera. [31][32][33][34] These results suggested that chlorantraniliprole had important effects on the physiology and behavior of insects.…”

“…The pupation, pupal weight and adult emergence rates were reduced in Plutella xylostella posttreatment with sublethal concentration of chlorantraniliprole. 8 Sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure significantly increased the larval and pre-pupal development times and decreased larval weight of Chloridea virescens, 9 as well as reduced the larval body mass, emergence ratio, adult longevity and egg hatching rate in both the parental and offspring generations of Helicoverpa armigera. 10 However, the potential molecular mechanisms of sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on insects were largely unknown.…”

Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on biological characteristics, detoxifying enzyme activity and gene expression profile in the Allium mongolicum Regel leaf beetle Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

“…In addition, studies have shown that the larval weight of 3rd instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera treated with chlorantraniliprole at LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 40 decreased significantly with increasing concentration (Zang et al., 2013). The body weight of larvae, pupae and adults was significantly reduced after treated with sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole on diverse insects by researchers, such as: Paederus fuscipes (Khan et al., 2021), Chilo suppressalis (Huang et al., 2016), Chloridea virescens (Lucas et al., 2020) and so on. These results demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole have a negative impact on the growth and development of a wide range of insects.…”