Subjective definitions of spirituality and religion

Altmeyer, Stefan; Klein, Constantin; Keller, Barbara; Silver, Christopher; Hood, Ralph W.; Streib, Heinz

doi:10.1075/ijcl.20.4.05alt

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Neither term was linked to institutions or groups. These basic findings are congruent with large scale comparisons of the meaning of spirituality/spiritualität in the US and Germany (94). Although there were no significant differences between the US and India in the number of responses that fell within five of our six categories, US participants were significantly more likely than Indians to associate spiritual/adhyatmik with another world or realm.…”

Section: The American and Indian Participants' Interpretations Of Rel...supporting

confidence: 83%

The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE): Evidence of Validity in the United States and India

Taves¹,

Ihm²,

Wolf³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Researchers increasingly recognize that the mind and culture interact at many levels to constitute our lived experience, yet we know relatively little about the extent to which culture shapes the way people appraise their experiences and the likelihood that a given experience will be reported. Experiences that involve claims regarding deities, extraordinary abilities, and/or psychopathology offer an important site for investigating the interplay of mind and culture at the population level. Due to the siloing of research on experiences based on discipline-specific constructs, as well as the difficulties inherent in comparing culture-laden experiences, there are few tools that allow researchers to compare experiences across cultures. We introduce the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE), which allows researchers to do so by separating the phenomenological features of experiences from how they are appraised and querying both. It thereby offers a new means of investigating the potentially universal (etic) and culture-specific (emic) aspects of lived experiences. To ensure that the INOE survey items are understood as intended by English speakers in the US and Hindi speakers in India, and thus can serve as a basis for cross-cultural comparison, we used the Response Process Evaluation (RPE) method (Wolf et al., 2021) to collect evidence of item-level validity. Our inability to validate some items drawn from other surveys suggests that they are capturing a wider range of experiences than researchers intend. Wider use of the RPE method would increase the likelihood that survey results are due to the differences that researchers intend to measure.

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Section: The American and Indian Participants' Interpretations Of Rel...supporting

confidence: 83%

The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE): Evidence of Validity in the United States and India

Taves¹,

Ihm²,

Wolf³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…has been answered by a majority of participants (N = 1779; n USA = 1039, n GER = 740). These definitions were not only used for corpus analysis (Altmeyer & Klein, 2016;Altmeyer, Klein, Keller, Silver, Hood, & Streib, 2015) but also were evaluated using content-analytic coding and factor analyses, in order to identify semantic dimensions of spirituality (Eisenmann et al, 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mysticism Scale as a Measure for Subjective Spirituality: New Results with Hood’s M-Scale and the Development of a Short Form

Streib

Klein

Keller

et al. 2020

Assessing Spirituality in a Diverse World

Self Cite

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“…The consistent arguments first relate to language (Altmeyer et al, 2015 andGruber 2009). Various concepts or morals when translated into other languages have different meanings.…”

Section: Methodology and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative analysis of the UN declaration, global business compact, and religious morals in determining global values for business and their application to Islamic marketing

Fraedrich

Althawadi

Bagherzadeh

2018

JIMA

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Purpose The continued rise of the multinational and debate as to what constitutes global business values is predicated on the UN Declaration and Global Business Compact. This research suggests both documents explicitly exclude the existence of a foundational ethereal power creating morals thereby nullifying two thirds of the general population’s belief system. The authors argue against humanism as a global value beginning and suggest theism as a better origin and use the scientific method to introduce mathematical axioms supporting theism and complimenting humanism. Ontologically, the theist becomes a stronger base for the scientific inquiry into morals, values and business ethics. A comparison of major religious morals revealed eight factors: assurance; candor, fairness and honesty; character, integrity, truthfulness and exacting in truth; charity and compassion; environment; perseverance and tolerance; sacrifice; and seriousness. The research suggests that the UN documents do not adequately reflect these morals suggesting a change for businesses especially in Islamic regions. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive review of religious materials emphasizing morals rather than customs, eternal entity description or negative behaviors yielded 1,243 morals and associated synonyms via six religions (Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) representing 4.5 billion people. All positive morals were cross-referenced and only common items across all six religions were included. With the 29 common morals, the authors completed a word meaning search and did a second comparison that yielded 8 moral factors or constructs. Findings Eight moral factors were found to be common in all major religions (assurance, fairness/honesty, character/integrity, charity/compassion, environment, tolerance, sacrifice and seriousness). By using the scientific method (Axioms), the authors argue that theism is a better beginning to researching morals and values within business and marketing. Social implications Multinationals should be made aware of the disconnect between the underlying problems of the Global Business Compacts’ values and the global morals identified. The results suggest adopting a codification system based on the pertinent morals as related to economic theories: capitalism, socialism and theism. The use of theism as a base to business and marketing ethics includes billions of customers and employees and their belief systems that should increase the validity and reliability of actions associated with corporate social responsibility, the environment and best practices. Originality/value The UN Declaration and subsequent Global Business Compact are argued to be flawed by its exclusion of religious morals and the historical period in which it was created. By using the scientific method and creating two axioms, the base to all business and marketing ethics must shift to the common moral factors identified.

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Subjective definitions of spirituality and religion

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE): Evidence of Validity in the United States and India

The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE): Evidence of Validity in the United States and India

The Mysticism Scale as a Measure for Subjective Spirituality: New Results with Hood’s M-Scale and the Development of a Short Form

A comparative analysis of the UN declaration, global business compact, and religious morals in determining global values for business and their application to Islamic marketing

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