The Mysticism Scale as a Measure for Subjective Spirituality: New Results with Hood’s M-Scale and the Development of a Short Form

Streib, Heinz; Klein, Constantin; Keller, Barbara; Hood, Ralph W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52140-0_19

Cited by 38 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“… Note: Based on Hood et al (2001). Items included in the new eight-item mysticism scale and relabeled item clusters are indicated in italics (based on Streib et al in press). …”

Section: The Development Validation and Use Of Mysticism Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

Taves

2020

Perspect Psychol Sci

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Although many researchers in psychology, religious studies, and psychiatry recognize that there is overlap in the experiences their subjects recount, disciplinary silos and challenges involved in comparing reported experiences have left us with little understanding of the mechanisms, whether biological, psychological, and/or sociocultural, through which these experiences are represented and differentiated. So-called mystical experiences, which some psychologists view as potentially sui generis, provide a test case for assessing whether we can develop an expanded framework for studying unusual experiences across disciplines and cultures. Evidence for the special nature of “mystical experience” rests on the operationalization of a metaphysically untestable construct in two widely used self-report scales: the Mysticism Scale and the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire. Consideration of the construct in light of research on alterations in sense of self induced by psychoactive drugs and meditation practices suggests that “positive experiences of undifferentiated unity” are not sui generis, but rather a type of “ego dissolution.” To better understand the nature and effects of unusual experiences, such as alterations in the sense of self, we need self-report measures that distinguish between generically worded experiences and the way they are appraised in terms of valence, significance, cause, and long-term effects in different contexts.

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“… Note: Based on Hood et al (2001). Items included in the new eight-item mysticism scale and relabeled item clusters are indicated in italics (based on Streib et al in press). …”

Section: The Development Validation and Use Of Mysticism Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of this evidence, Hood reiterated that “mysticism is the best candidate for a distinct, sui generis experience that has been recognized across diverse traditions and cultures” (Hood et al, 2018, pp. 355, 383–388; Streib, Klein, Keller, & Hood, in press).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

Taves

2020

Perspect Psychol Sci

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“…Its three-factor structure has been validated for followers of different faiths [ 95 ]. The 8-item short form was used in this study [ 96 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Reduction by Yoga versus Mindfulness Training in Adults Suffering from Distress: A Three-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial including Qualitative Interviews (RELAX Study)

Fischer

Kandil

Kessler

et al. 2022

JCM

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Distress is a growing public health concern. In this three-armed randomized controlled trial, n = 102 adults with elevated stress levels and stress-related symptoms were randomly assigned to (1) “integrative” yoga classes which combined physical exercises, mindfulness training, and ethical/philosophical aspects of traditional yoga; to (2) Iyengar yoga classes which entailed primarily physical exercises; or to (3) mindfulness training without physical training. We hypothesized the synergistic effects of physical yoga exercises, mindfulness, and ethical/philosophical aspects. The primary outcome was the group difference on Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) after 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included burnout, quality of life, physical complaints, depression, anxiety, mindfulness, interoceptive awareness, self-regulation, spirituality, mysticism, and posttraumatic stress. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline (V0), after 12 weeks (V1), and after 24 weeks (V2). A subset of participants took part in qualitative interviews. A lasting and clinically relevant stress reduction was observed within all groups (PSS ΔV0–V1Integrative Yoga = −6.69 ± 6.19; ΔV0–V1Iyengar Yoga = −6.00 ± 7.37; ΔV0–V1Mindfulness = −9.74 ± 7.80; all p < 0.00). Effect sizes were also statistically large at the end of the follow-up period (Cohen’s d Integrative Yoga = 1.41; d Iyengar Yoga = 1.37; d Mindfulness = 1.23). There were no significant group differences or evidence of relevant synergistic effects from combining mindfulness and physical yoga exercises. All three interventions were found to be equally effective methods of stress reduction. Their use in practice should be based on availability and patient preference.

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“…On the basis of this evidence, Hood has reiterated that "mysticism is the best candidate for a distinct, sui generis experience that has been recognized across diverse traditions and cultures" (Hood, Hill, & Spilka, 2018, pp. 355, 383-388;Streib, Klein, Keller, & Hood, 2020).…”

Section: Mystical and Other Alterations In Sense Of Self: An Expanded Framework For Studying Nonordinary Experiences Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

Taves¹

2019

Preprint

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Although many researchers in psychology, religious studies, and psychiatry recognize that there is overlap in the experiences their subjects recount, disciplinary silos and challenges involved in comparing reported experiences have left us with little understanding of mechanisms, whether biological, psychological and/or socio-cultural, through which these experiences are represented and differentiated. So called-mystical experiences, which some psychologists view as potentially sui generis, provide a test case for assessing whether we can develop an expanded framework for studying unusual experiences across disciplines and cultures. Evidence for the special nature of ‘mystical experience’ rests on the operationalization of a metaphysically untestable construct in two widely used self-report scales: the Mysticism Scale and the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire. Consideration of the construct in light of research on alterations in sense of self induced by psychoactive drugs and meditation practices suggests that ‘positive experiences of undifferentiated unity’ are not sui generis, but rather a type of ‘ego dissolution.’ To better understand the nature and effects of unusual experiences, such as alterations in the sense of self, we need self-report measures that distinguish between generically-worded experiences and the way they are appraised in terms of valence, significance, cause, and long-term effects in different contexts.

show abstract

The Mysticism Scale as a Measure for Subjective Spirituality: New Results with Hood’s M-Scale and the Development of a Short Form

Cited by 38 publications

References 43 publications

Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

Stress Reduction by Yoga versus Mindfulness Training in Adults Suffering from Distress: A Three-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial including Qualitative Interviews (RELAX Study)

Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences

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