Study on the performance evaluation and echelon utilization of retired LiFePO4 power battery for smart grid

Xu, Xiaolong; Mi, Jifu; Fan, Maosong; Yang, Kai; Wang, Hao; Liu, Jingbing; Yan, Hui

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.262

Cited by 71 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A large number of lithium‐ion batteries will be retired from electric vehicles in the near future when the battery capacity is lower than 70%‐80% of the initial capacity . Echelon utilization is an effective way to deal with the retired batteries since it is simpler, more economical and more environmentally friendly than the chemical recycling process . Safety is the key to the reuse of retired batteries, because the organic solvents in batteries are combustible substances, which can easily lead to battery thermal runaway under various abusive conditions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Wang

Zhu

Gao³

et al. 2020

Int J Energy Res

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In this paper, the overcharge tests of 25 Ah LiFePO 4 /graphite batteries are conducted in an open environment and the overcharge-to-thermal-runaway characteristics are studied. The effects of current rates (C-rates: 2C, 1C, 0.5C, and 0.3C) and states of health (SOHs: 100%, 80%, 70%, and 60%) on thermal runaway features are discussed in detail. The overcharge process can be summarized into five stages based on the experimental phenomena (C-rate ≥ 1 and SOH ≥ 80%): expansion, fast venting after safety valve rupture, slow venting, intense jet smoke, and explosion, while the battery cannot explode at lower Crates and SOHs. The maximum pressure increases with the increase in C-rate or SOH. There are five obvious inflection points in the voltage curve during overcharge process. The V 1 (point B) of aged battery, corresponding to lithium plating on the anode, changes little with C-rates. It is slightly lower than that of the new battery. A sharp drop in voltage (point E) is probably due to the internal short circuit (ISC), caused by the local melting and rupture of the separator. It takes more than 2 minutes from the moment of ISC to thermal runaway regardless of the SOH, indicating that there are a few minutes to take safety measures if the voltage is an indication parameter. The onset temperature of thermal runaway decreases first and then increases as the SOH decreases from 100% to 60% during 1C constant overcharge tests. These results can provide guidance for the thermal management of the whole battery life cycle and the reuse of retired batteries. K E Y W O R D Sageing, lithium-ion battery safety, overcharge, SOH, thermal runaway

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Wang

Zhu

Gao³

et al. 2020

Int J Energy Res

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“…The maximum available capacity of one battery is defined as the available capacity on the minimal discharging (or charging) current. Take Q D i as the residual discharging capacity of battery pack i and Q C i as the residual charging capacity of battery pack i, which are defined by ( 12), (13).…”

Section: Control Methods Of the Sppc-bessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two-level buck/boost topology is for the 750V medium voltage BESS [11] and the three-level topology is for the 1500V high voltage BESS [12]. Although simple structure, high power conversion efficiency, low cost, mature control of the conventional BESS, the EUE of the series battery packs is dramatically reduced after hundreds of operation cycles due to the low consistency of battery parameters such as available capacity, the state of charge (SOC), and resistance [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Control Method and Design for Modular Battery Energy Storage System Based on Partial Power Conversion

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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This article addresses a bidirectional low power loss series-parallel partial-power modular converter (SPPC) suitable for series-connected high voltage large power battery energy storage system (BESS). A specific capacitor is placed on the top of the series battery packs, which voltage can be adjusted by the SPPC to compensate for the voltage fluctuation of the battery packs and the DC power line. The power loss and cost of the SPPC are relatively low since its rated power is reduced to about 22% − 48% of the full-power converter. A 3 level distributed control method is proposed to achieve the fast transient response of the DC power line current and deal with the series inconsistency of battery packs during discharging and charging, further improving the total energy utilization efficiency (EUE) of the BESS. The critical design considerations for SPPC-BESS are analyzed. A bidirectional 800W phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) converter hardware prototype along with the Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices is provided to verify the high efficiency of DC-DC sub-module. Then a simulation model of a 6.6kW SPPC-BESS with 3 sub-modules to verify the feasibility of the control method. Theoretical analysis proves that the total power loss of the SPPC is lower than the existing types of modular converters. The EUE of the SPPC-BESS is 1.7% higher than the conventional BESS when the average maximum available capacities of batteries attenuate to 80% of the initial maximum available capacity.

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“…The application of energy storage devices in smart grid systems mainly includes backup power, energy storage from renewable energy sources, and grid frequency modulation 239 . Backup powers should have excellent self-discharge performance, low cost, and high safety level 240 .…”

Section: Smart Grid Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sales of EVs reached ~0.78 million in 2017 243 , and their accumulated sales are projected to reach 5 million in 2020 239 . In addition to the requirements of high energy density and safety in charging and discharging, energy storage devices in EVs can achieve a high power density 244,245 .…”

Section: Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the interface design of solid-state electrolytes for solid-state energy storage devices

Hui

Hui³

et al. 2020

Mater. Horiz.

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Study on the performance evaluation and echelon utilization of retired LiFePO4 power battery for smart grid

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Optimal Control Method and Design for Modular Battery Energy Storage System Based on Partial Power Conversion

Recent advances in the interface design of solid-state electrolytes for solid-state energy storage devices

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Study on the performance evaluation and echelon utilization of retired LiFePO4 power battery for smart grid

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO 4 /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO 4 /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Optimal Control Method and Design for Modular Battery Energy Storage System Based on Partial Power Conversion

Recent advances in the interface design of solid-state electrolytes for solid-state energy storage devices

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Product

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Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO ₄ /graphite aged batteries under overcharge