Study on Cross-Reactivity to the Para Group

Picardo, Mauro; Cannistraci, Carlo Vittorio; Cristaudo, Antonio; Luca, Chiara De; Santucci, B.

doi:10.1159/000247895

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD) and the aminophenols] makes it an effective marker of the majority of hair dye allergy problems (13,14). This also is consistent with the evidence from in vitro T lymphocyte stimulation studies, where two-thirds of T cell clones reactive to PPD also responded to PTD, as well as being consistent with the results from in vivo models (15)(16)(17)(18). However, it has been shown that there are some individuals with hair dye allergy who do not have a positive response to PPD (11,12,18).…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

Orton

Basketter

2012

Contact Dermatitis

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SummaryAlthough the large majority of users do not experience adverse skin reactions to hair dye products, a minority do. Most serious among these are allergic skin reactions, commonly to p-phenylenediamine and its derivatives. The consumer or hairdresser is expected (by the manufacturer) to limit the chance of expression of allergy by conducting a 'sensitivity test', which should provide the consumer with an alert for possible allergic reactivity. However, a self-conducted consumer test can only be useful if it meets a number of important criteria, including evidence that the test protocol works, that it can and is likely to be used successfully by the consumer or hairdresser, and that it does not present a significant health risk (e.g. an increased risk of developing allergy). In short, as with any in vivo test, the benefit must outweigh the risks. In formulating such a test, it should be determined in advance what are the acceptable levels of specificity (correct identification of negatives) and sensitivity (correct identification of positives). It is our view that any hair dye sensitivity test, whether supplied by the hair dye manufacturer or a third party, should be able to answer these questions.Key words: cross-reaction; hair dye; p-phenylenediamine; sensitivity test.There is an extensive body of clinical literature showing that allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyes is a significant, probably increasing, occupational and consumer health problem (1-4). Allergy to hair dye is not a new phenomenon, having been reported for many decades (5, 6), and hairdressers are commonly high on the list of those with occupational dermatitis (7-9). Investigation of those with dermatitis in that industry shows that a significant number have hair dye contact allergy. Among consumers, the currently available evidence suggests that although >90% of hair dye users do not experience allergic reactions, several per cent may do so (1-4, 7). However, of concern for the future is the apparent intensity of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) that is occurring in children (10).It is of significance that almost all of the hair dye work has been completed with just a single marker hair dye allergen, PPD. Indeed, the present evidence suggests that although PPD might not be responsible for all cases of hair dye allergy (11, 12), the fact that it cross-reacts so well with other commonly used hair dye allergens [e.g. toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD) and the aminophenols] makes it an effective marker of the majority of hair dye allergy problems (13,14). This also is consistent with the evidence from in vitro T lymphocyte stimulation studies, where two-thirds of T cell clones reactive to PPD also responded to PTD, as well as being consistent with the results from in vivo models (15-18). However, it has been shown that there are some individuals with hair dye allergy who do not have a positive response to PPD (11,12,18). Recently, a survey of oxidative hair dyes on the Swedish market concluded that the use of a number of potently sens...

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

Orton

Basketter

2012

Contact Dermatitis

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“…PPD is an aromatic amine which undergoes autoxidation with the generation of shortlived free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Picardo et al, 1990). However, the major product formed is Bondrowski's base which is allergenic, mutagenic and highly toxic (Ashraf et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraphenylene diamine exacerbates platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in response to a low dose of collagen

et al. 2016

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-Paraphenylene daimine (PPD) is an aromatic amine that is widely used in several industrial products; however, its toxicity has been reported in several cases of cardiac arrests. As platelets play a key role in cardiovascular diseases, we aimed to determine the impact of PPD in vitro and in vivo on platelet function. Our findings demonstrated that platelet activation and aggregation were strongly enhanced by PPD. Treatment with PPD primed human platelets that became more reactive in response to low doses of collagen. Furthermore, PPD exacerbated thrombus formation in rats in comparison with those untreated. Our results suggest that PPD is an important platelet primer predisposing platelets to promote thrombus formation in response to vascular injury. This should prompt the authorities to consider controlling the marketing of this product.

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“…Previously, Picardo et al (1990) demonstrated that pPD degrades within 24 h in buffer at pH 7.4. In the present study, on-line radiometric HPLC and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the fate of [ 14 C]pPD in dendritic cell culture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Human Dendritic Cells byp-Phenylenediamine

Coulter¹,

Farrell²,

Mathews³

et al. 2006

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Exposure to p-phenylenediamine (pPD), a primary intermediate in hair dye formulations, is often associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis. Such reactions involve activation of the subject's immune system. The aim of these studies was to explore the relationship between pPD oxidation and functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro. Dendritic cells were incubated with pPD and Bandrowski's base (BB) for 16 h, and expression of the costimulatory receptors CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and major histocompatability complex class II intracellular glutathione levels and cell viability were measured. In certain experiments, glutathione (1 mM) was added to culture medium. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis and exhaustive solvent extraction were used to monitor the rate of [ 14 C]pPD oxidation and the extent of pPD binding to cellular and serum protein, respectively. Proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes was determined by incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine. Exposure of dendritic cells to pPD (5-50 M), but not BB, was associated with an increase in CD40 and MHC class II expression and proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Dendritic cell activation with pPD was not associated with apoptotic or necrotic cell death or depletion of glutathione. Neither pPD nor BB altered dendritic cell expression of CD80, CD83, or CD86. LC-MS analysis revealed pPD was rapidly oxidized in cell culture media to BB. Addition of glutathione inhibited BB formation but did not prevent covalent binding of pPD to dendritic cell protein or dendritic cell activation. Collectively, these studies show that pPD, but not BB, selectively activates human dendritic cells in vitro.

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Study on Cross-Reactivity to the Para Group

Cited by 47 publications

References 7 publications

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

Paraphenylene diamine exacerbates platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in response to a low dose of collagen

Activation of Human Dendritic Cells byp-Phenylenediamine

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