Study of the reaction rates and structures of a phenol-formaldehyde resol resin by carbon-13 NMR and gel permeation chromatography

Kim, Moon G.; Amos, Larry W.; Barnes, Edwin E.

doi:10.1021/ie00106a010

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…In the syntheses of PF resol resins under the full substitution conditions, two hydroxymethyl groups would react to form one methylene bond with the expelling of one formaldehyde molecule because there would be no unreacted site. 30 It is also apparent from Figure 1 that the 60 : 40 phenol/wood liquefaction product had a significantly lower formaldehyde reactivity than the other two liquefaction products, with more wood and less reactivity for the liquefaction products.…”

Section: Formaldehyde Reactivity Tests Of the Liquefied-wood Samplesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The reaction mixture was initially cooled to 30 C, and 50 g of liquefied wood was added; then, the temperature was increased to 60 C. This temperature was maintained, and samples (3.0 g) of the reaction mixture were taken at 30-min intervals for 5 h. The samples were transferred into a 150-mL beaker and dissolved in 20 mL of methanol and 30 mL of water. The pH of the sample solution was adjusted to 4.0 with 1.0N and 0.1N HCl solutions over a 5-min period of time, and then, 15 mL of 1.0M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (with the pH adjusted to 4.0 with 1N and 0.1N NaOH) was added to the sample solution.…”

Section: Determination Of the Formaldehyde Reactivity Of The Liquefiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three different resins resulted from the three liquefied-wood products from three different phenol/wood ratios: resin 1 came from a phenol/wood ratio of 70/30, resin 2 came from a phenol/wood ratio of 65/35, and resin 3 came from a phenol/wood ratio of 60/40. The resins were prepared according to a previously reported procedure; 30 the preparation conditions are summarized in Table I, and the typical synthesis procedure is described next for resin 1.…”

Section: Resin Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenol–formaldehyde‐type resins made from phenol‐liquefied wood for the bonding of particleboard

Hassan

Kim

Wan

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Liquefaction of southern pine wood in phenol in 30-40 : 70-60 weight ratios resulted in homogeneous liquefied materials, which were directly used to synthesize phenol-formaldehyde (PF)-type resins. The synthesized resins showed good physical and handling properties: low viscosity, stability for storage and transportation, and resin applicable by a common sprayer. Particleboard panels bonded with the synthesized resins showed promising physical properties and significantly lower formaldehyde emission values than those bonded with the urea-formaldehyde resin control. One deficiency observed for the synthesized resins was lower internal bond values, which might be overcome the use of a hotstacking procedure. Overall, the process of wood liquefaction with limited amounts of phenol as a solvent was shown to have the potential of providing practical, lowcost PF-type resins with very low formaldehyde emission potentials.

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Section: Formaldehyde Reactivity Tests Of the Liquefied-wood Samplesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Determination Of the Formaldehyde Reactivity Of The Liquefiementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resin Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phenol–formaldehyde‐type resins made from phenol‐liquefied wood for the bonding of particleboard

Hassan

Kim

Wan

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Figure 2 is the 1 HNMR spectrum of PFR and uncured BNPFR. As a result, the 1 H spectra for these resins are always complicated to analyze [15][16]. The wide resonance line at about 7.65 to 6.66 ppm is assigned to the aromatic hydrogen.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Boron-Nitrogen Containing Phenol Formaldehyde Resin

Gao

Xia

2005

International Journal of Polymeric Materials

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A boron-nitrogen modified phenol formaldehyde resin (BNPFR) was prepared from phenol, formalin, ammonia water, n-butyl alcohol, boric acid, and paraformaldehyde. The reaction mechanism and structure of BNPFR during the synthesis and curing process were investigated by FTIR, NMR. The thermal stability was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that borate, ether linkage, methylene bridges, and hexatomic ring containing coordinate linkage of boron-nitrogen were formed mostly in the synthesis and thermosetting process. The carbonyl group was formed in the synthesis and curing process at higher temperature. The initial thermal degradation temperature of BNPFR is 100 C higher than common phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR).

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“…The amount of urea reacts with free formaldehyde to methylolated ureas and does not react further under alkaline conditions. 3 According to the investigations of Scopelitis and Pizzi, 4 PUF copolymers are formed during curing at higher temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of phenol–urea–formaldehyde copolymer adhesives under heterogeneous catalysis

Schmidt

Grunwald

Pasch

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A new synthetic strategy for PUF copolymers based on three steps was developed. In the first step, two precondensates of phenol with formaldehyde and urea with formaldehyde, respectively, were produced. In the second step, the two precondensates were mixed and condensed using a heterogeneous catalyst in a tube reactor at 908C. The last step is a vacuum distillation to reach the final copolymer compositions. With regard to the properties, the products can be used as adhesive. The copolymers were analysed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 13 C-NMR-spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

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Study of the reaction rates and structures of a phenol-formaldehyde resol resin by carbon-13 NMR and gel permeation chromatography

Cited by 46 publications

References 4 publications

Phenol–formaldehyde‐type resins made from phenol‐liquefied wood for the bonding of particleboard

Phenol–formaldehyde‐type resins made from phenol‐liquefied wood for the bonding of particleboard

Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Boron-Nitrogen Containing Phenol Formaldehyde Resin

Preparation of phenol–urea–formaldehyde copolymer adhesives under heterogeneous catalysis

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