Study of Barley Grain Molecular Structure for Ruminants Using DRIFT, FTIR-ATR and Synchrotron Radiation Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-IMS): A Review

Abstract

Abstract. Barley inherent structures are highly associated with nutrient utilization and availability in both humans and animals. Barley has different degradation kinetics compared with other cereal grains. It has a relatively higher degradation rate and extent, which often cause digestive disorder in the rumen. Therefore understanding barley inherent structure at cellular and molecular levels and processing-induced structure changes is important, because we can manipulate barley inherent structures and digestive behaviors. Several molecular spectroscopy techniques can be used to detect barley inherent structures at cellular and molecular levels. This article reviews several applications of the IR molecular spectral bioanalytical techniques -DRIFT, FT/IR-ATR and SR-IMS for barley chemistry, molecular structure and molecular nutrition research

Silencing TT8 and HB12 Decreased Protein Degradation and Digestion, Microbial Synthesis, and Metabolic Protein in Relation to Molecular Structures of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

“…31 For most bacteria in the rumen, ammonia is their primary nitrogen source. 32 Therefore, introduction of N 15 labeled ammonia sulfate would be helpful in tracing microbial synthesis during the fermentation. The higher APE of LAMN than LMN was consistent with a previous study, 20 implying higher N assimilation in particle-attached microbes.…”

“…Moreover, transgenic alfalfa also showed alterations in molecular structure with attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy . FTIR spectroscopy is a rapid analytical tool to reveal the inherent molecular structures of samples and has been applied to feed ingredients recently. − Molecular structures are closely related to nutrient content and availability and could be used to predict nutrient profiles of samples. ,, The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of silencing HB12 and TT8 in alfalfa on protein degradation and intestinal digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and protein metabolic profiles. In addition, correlations and regressions between these nutritional profiles and FTIR spectral parameters were also determined.…”

Interactive Association between Biopolymers and Biofunctions in Carinata Seeds as Energy Feedstock and Their Coproducts (Carinata Meal) from Biofuel and Bio-oil Processing before and after Biodegradation: Current Advanced Molecular Spectroscopic Investigations

“…The true nutritive values of feeds are associated with both chemical composition and internal molecular structure, because the nutrient bioavailability and fermentation features are influenced by internal structure. , However, the inherent structures of feed samples are usually destroyed during the conventional “wet chemical analysis” methods (e.g., AOAC , ), and the wet chemical analysis fails to link chemical composition to inherent structure. , …”

“…With six components (electron gun, linear accelerator, booster ring, storage ring, beamlines, and experimental stations), the synchrotron could turn electrons into extreme bright light and then show inherent structure of biological tissues . This synchrotron-based technique is capable of showing four kinds of tissue information (tissue structure, tissue chemistry, tissue environment, and tissue composition) within different layers at the same time. ,, Several studies have been done with the successful application of this synchrotron technique to reveal molecular structure and structure changes by different treatments of various feedstuff in our laboratories. ,,, With the development and application of this technique, the relationship between molecular structure and biological functions could be explained from the revealed differences in spectra from SR-IMS according to the previous research. − However, to date, few studies have been found on molecular structure in relation to biofunctions and bioavailability of nutrients in carinata seeds and carinata meal except our preliminary study.…”

“…The true nutritive values of feeds are associated with both chemical composition and internal molecular structure, because the nutrient bioavailability and fermentation features are influenced by internal structure. 20,21 However, the inherent structures of feed samples are usually destroyed during the conventional "wet chemical analysis" methods (e.g., AOAC 22,23 ), and the wet chemical analysis fails to link chemical composition to inherent structure. 20,24 In recent publications, 24−26 cutting edge Synchrotron radiation based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-IMS) has been applied as a rapid and noninvasive advanced technique to reveal the structure of feedstuff on a molecular basis within intact tissue.…”