“…[20][21][22][23] Several recent studies have concentrated on the identication of protein molecular structure, energy values and biodegradation properties of biooil. 24,25 An alternative approach to produce bio oil based on the ultrasonic pretreatment technology as an alternative to conventional process has been highlighted recently. 26 Although several studies and investigations have been performed on the bio-oil production of biomass via solvolysis liquefaction, there are little studies on the effect of heterogeneous catalysts that affect the yield and chemical composition of the liquid product via solvolysis liquefaction.…”