Studies to Elucidate the Mechanism of Cardio Protective and Hypotensive Activities of Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) in Rodents

Abstract

Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) is a folkloric medicinal plant in Asia; including Pakistan; used as a traditional remedy for cardiovascular disorders. This study was planned to establish a pharmacological basis for the trivial uses of Anogeissus acuminata in certain medical conditions related to cardiovascular systems and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Mechanistic studies suggested that crude extract of Anogeissus acuminata (Aa.Cr) produced in vitro cardio-relaxant and vasorelaxant effects in isolated paired atria and aorta coupled with in vivo decrease in blood pressure by invasive method; using pressure and force transducers connected to Power Lab Data Acquisition System. Moreover; Aa.Cr showed positive effects in left ventricular hypertrophy in Sprague Dawley rats observed hemodynamically by a decrease in cardiac cell size and fibrosis; along with absence of inflammatory cells; coupled with reduced levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and renin concentration along with increased concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) model; creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH levels) were found to be decreased; along with decreased necrosis; edema and recruitment of inflammatory cells histologically. In vivo and ex vivo studies of Anogeissus acuminata provided evidence of vasorelaxant; hypotensive and cardioprotective properties facilitated through blockage of voltage-gated Ca++ ion channel; validating its use in cardiovascular diseases

Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders

“…A high quantity of flavonoids in plants was reported to be responsible for their cardioprotective effect [ 21 , 22 ], and P. rubra leaf extract was observed to be affluent in flavonoid content ( Table 1 ), [ 13 ]. As a result, it stands to reason that the early research [ 28 ] found that the aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of P. rubra had a significant LPO inhibitory effect, which supports its potential as a cardioprotective agent, because LPO is a main contributory factor in ADR-intoxicated MI [ 1 , 5 , 6 ].…”

“…Similarly, catecholamine affects the myocardium in both inotropic and chronotropic ways. Surplus catecholamines cause coronary vasoconstriction, which increases myocardial oxygen demand and decreases myocardial blood delivery, resulting in MI [ 6 , 7 ]. Adrenaline (ADR) is a catecholamine produced by the adrenal glands’ medullary potion.…”

“…This method was used to assess the cardioprotective effect of test medications to induce MI in laboratory animals. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), which results in the loss of intracellular antioxidants, causes MI [ 6 ]. It leads to an increased production of nitrosative derivatives, which cause the overproduction of ROS and, as a result, the myocardium faces immense oxidative stress [ 9 ].…”

“…The rabbit animal model was chosen over rats because rabbits have a more similar profile to humans. The calcium channels of rabbits’ aorta are more diversified than that of rats [ 6 ].…”

Jasminum sambac: A Potential Candidate for Drug Development to Cure Cardiovascular Ailments

“…It causes the overproduction of nitrosative derivatives oxidative stress occurs due to the overproduction of ROS [ 7 ]. It increases the Ca ++ influx by opening the calcium channels of cardiomyocytes, increases oxidative stress by increasing the workload [ 8 ]. In a higher dose, it causes aortic and coronary vasoconstriction.…”