Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Escrivá, Laura; Font, Guillermina; Manyes, Lara; Berrada, Houda

doi:10.3390/toxins9080251

Cited by 106 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(301 reference statements)

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“…The current understanding of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins still relies on some case studies (Smith et al, 2016;Udovicki et al, 2018). There are possibilities to measure the mycotoxin levels in the patient's urine and blood, but without knowing any intake ratio, it is hard to interpret these pieces of information (Escrivá et al, 2017). Although there are some data recorded in larger mycotoxin outbreaks in the third world, any connection between the mycotoxin levels and the severity of the symptoms is difficult to establish.…”

Section: Medical Aspects Of Aspergillus-derived Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain

et al. 2020

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Background: A atoxins are major contaminants of feed used in poultry industry that negatively affect animal and human health. In Ethiopia, previous studies on a atoxins mainly considered cattle feed and milk, but scarce information exists for poultry feeds. Method: The aim of this study was to determine the burden of a atoxin in poultry feed in bishoftu.Cross sectional study was conducted from December, 2018 to May, 2019and 33 compound poultry feed samples were randomly collected from chicken rearing villages of Bishoftuand analyzed for G2, G1, B2 , B1 and total a atoxins using HPLC. Results: The result indicated thatfrom a total of 33 samples 31(94%) samples were contaminated with a atoxin. The mean level of a atoxin G2, G1, B2, B1 and total a atoxinswere 18.00 µg/g, 88.5499 µg/g, 13.50µg/g, 70.11µg/g and 190.18µg/g respectively. This study curtained the level of a atoxinin 25 (72.75%) samples for AFT and 22 (66.67%) samples for AFB1 were above the limit of FDA regulatory levels of 20µg/g for poultry feed. Conclusion: The study showed the high contamination of a atoxins in poultry feed. The study warrants the need for preventive strategies of a atoxin contamination including implementation of regulatory legislation in poultry feeds in Bishoftu.

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Section: Medical Aspects Of Aspergillus-derived Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain

et al. 2020

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“…With mass-based methods, the analysis of masked toxins (Berthiller et al 2013;Gratz 2017) and metabolites (Warth et al 2012;Streit et al 2013;Abdallah et al 2017) in the feed is a real possibility. Furthermore, mycotoxin secondary product analysis in other related matrices food matrices is promising (Escrivá et al 2017).…”

Section: Mycotoxin Co-occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

et al. 2019

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Background: When present in animal feedstuff, mycotoxins contaminants and antibiotic residues can have negative implications for animal production and Public Health, including the transmission of carcinogenic compounds and the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, respectively. So far there are no available methods in which both mycotoxins and antibiotic residues are analyzed using a parallel extraction approach. To address this issue, we developed a LC/MS methodology with high sensitivity (0.005 to 6.42 and 24.55 to 132.73 μg kg − 1 for mycotoxins and antimicrobials) and specificity (unique target ion mass/charge) that allows the detection of 26 mycotoxins and 23 antibiotic residues in animal feedstuff and validated it through the determination of these analytes in 294 animal feed and feed ingredient samples in the framework of a country-wide surveillance program. Two hundred and five of these samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and 89 for antibiotics. Findings: Fumonisin was the most frequently toxin found, with FB 1 and FB 2 presenting prevalences of 50 and 52% and maximum concentrations of 14,927.61 and 8646.67 μg kg − 1 , respectively. Other toxins, including diacetoxyscirpenol n = 4/101 (3.96%), fusarenon-X n = 2/101 (1.98%), citrinin n = 2 (1.98%), and patulin n = 1 (0.99%) were rarely found. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of toxin metabolites, such as HT-2 (6.38-485.49 μg kg − 1) and 3−/15acetoxydeoxynivalenol (877.89-3236.56/5.44-1685.3 μg kg − 1), were also found. Few samples exceeded threshold mycotoxin concentrations defined in current EU guidelines. Dairy cattle and swine feeds included the higher number of samples exceeding guideline values (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). From the total of samples analysed for antibiotics, 7.7% (n = 7/89) were classified as medicated for poultry and pigs. Unexpectedly, 57% of these medicated samples contained no detectable antibiotics (n = 4/7). The remaining 43% of the samples (n = 3/7) presented inconsistencies regarding the concentration of analytes declared on the labels or the antibiotics found. Likewise 74.6% (n = 50/67) of the non-medicated feed samples analyzed had antibiotic residues. Additionally, we analyzed commercial monensin standards for purity and evaluate batch-to-batch flushing feed industry practices. Conclusions: Herein we report the results for a year-wide analysis for mycotoxins and antibiotics in feed samples. Mycotoxins, several metabolites, and the occurrence of these emerging contaminants were evaluated and antibiotic residues in non-medicated feed samples were found using a targeted MS-based LC approach. This validated multianalyte method is expected to facilitate the monitoring and surveillance of contaminants, from natural and anthropogenic origin, in animal feed.

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“…In this context, human biological monitoring (HBM)-that is, the analysis of mycotoxin biomarkers in body fluids and tissues [29] (internal exposure)-represents a more effective strategy for investigating human exposure [30,31] than the evaluation of food contamination [32], although the two approaches are complementary to each other. The advantage of estimating exposure through mycotoxin levels in biological matrices is that identification of the contamination source involved (ingestion of contaminated food or inhalation of contaminated air) is not necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Vettorazzi

et al. 2020

Toxins

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This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma, serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: (a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, (b) the analytical methodologies developed and (c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.

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Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Cited by 106 publications

References 145 publications

Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain

Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

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