Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain

Abstract

Background: A atoxins are major contaminants of feed used in poultry industry that negatively affect animal and human health. In Ethiopia, previous studies on a atoxins mainly considered cattle feed and milk, but scarce information exists for poultry feeds. Method: The aim of this study was to determine the burden of a atoxin in poultry feed in bishoftu.Cross sectional study was conducted from December, 2018 to May, 2019and 33 compound poultry feed samples were randomly collected from chicken rearing villages of Bishoftuand analyzed for G2, G1, B2 , B1 and total a atoxins using HPLC. Results: The result indicated thatfrom a total of 33 samples 31(94%) samples were contaminated with a atoxin. The mean level of a atoxin G2, G1, B2, B1 and total a atoxinswere 18.00 µg/g, 88.5499 µg/g, 13.50µg/g, 70.11µg/g and 190.18µg/g respectively. This study curtained the level of a atoxinin 25 (72.75%) samples for AFT and 22 (66.67%) samples for AFB1 were above the limit of FDA regulatory levels of 20µg/g for poultry feed. Conclusion: The study showed the high contamination of a atoxins in poultry feed. The study warrants the need for preventive strategies of a atoxin contamination including implementation of regulatory legislation in poultry feeds in Bishoftu.

Effect of Supplemental Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii on Aflatoxin M1 Excretion in Milk of Lactating Dairy Cows

“…The transfer rate observed in our trial is in agreement with those cited (1% to 6% in dairy cows) by the European Food Safety Authority [8]. The inverse relationship between transfer and AFB 1 intake could be related to the biotransformation processes of these mycotoxins in animal tissues [1]. Kutz et al [38] reported that supplementation of yeast cells at 0.50% of DM in feed containing 100.0 µg of AFB 1 /kg decreased AFM 1 in milk from dairy cows.…”

“…The transfer of AFM 1 in milk was calculated as the ratio between the AFM 1 excreted in milk (µg/L) and the AFB 1 intake (µg/kg) at the time when the toxin output in milk reached a steady state. This value was used to calculate the percentage of ingested AFB 1 excreted daily in milk as AFM 1 :Transfer (%) = (Total AFM 1 excreted (µg/day)/AFB 1 ingested (µg/day)) × 100.…”

“…Two additional metabolic products, aflatoxin M 1 and M 2 (AFM 1 and AFM 2 ), are often found in milk from cows consuming feeds contaminated with aflatoxin. The AFB 1 is the most acutely toxic type of aflatoxin compound and is a member of group 1 carcinogenic mycotoxins which pose serious problems in human health and negatively impact agricultural economics [1]. The AFM 1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of AFB 1 , formed in the liver and excreted in the milk by the mammary glands of both humans and lactating animals fed diets containing AFB 1 -contaminated ingredients [2].…”

Awareness of mycotoxins and occurrence of aflatoxins in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in selected regions of Uganda

“…Aflatoxins have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects in the humans and animals; with predilection to the liver (Milicevic et al 2015;Zain 2011). Aflatoxin-contamination along the animal feed chain, is not generally given attention especially in developing countries, however, it contributes to exposure of the human consumers to contaminated products (Akande et al 2006;Ráduly et al 2020). Aflatoxins are associated with economic impacts including increased mortality of farm animals, lowered livestock productivity, increased veterinary costs and challenges in disposal of contaminated feeds and feed ingredients (Akande et al 2006;Zain 2011).…”

“…However, there is evidence of high levels of aflatoxins in animal feeds (Kaaya et al 2000). Information on aflatoxin levels in poultry feeds remains scarce; yet contaminated animal products are a major source of exposure to the human consumers (Ráduly et al 2020). Apart from institution of various control strategies, successful management of aflatoxins requires awareness by the various stakeholders.…”