Background: A atoxins are major contaminants of feed used in poultry industry that negatively affect animal and human health. In Ethiopia, previous studies on a atoxins mainly considered cattle feed and milk, but scarce information exists for poultry feeds. Method: The aim of this study was to determine the burden of a atoxin in poultry feed in bishoftu.Cross sectional study was conducted from December, 2018 to May, 2019and 33 compound poultry feed samples were randomly collected from chicken rearing villages of Bishoftuand analyzed for G2, G1, B2 , B1 and total a atoxins using HPLC. Results: The result indicated thatfrom a total of 33 samples 31(94%) samples were contaminated with a atoxin. The mean level of a atoxin G2, G1, B2, B1 and total a atoxinswere 18.00 µg/g, 88.5499 µg/g, 13.50µg/g, 70.11µg/g and 190.18µg/g respectively. This study curtained the level of a atoxinin 25 (72.75%) samples for AFT and 22 (66.67%) samples for AFB1 were above the limit of FDA regulatory levels of 20µg/g for poultry feed. Conclusion: The study showed the high contamination of a atoxins in poultry feed. The study warrants the need for preventive strategies of a atoxin contamination including implementation of regulatory legislation in poultry feeds in Bishoftu.

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3Twelve bacteriophage isolates of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, were isolated from blighted 4 apple, pear and quince trees from different sites in Hungary. According to morphological characteristics they 5 were assigned to the order Caudovirales, two isolates belonging to the Podoviridae and ten to the Myoviridae 6 families. Examining plaque morphology, host range and molecular characterization by PCR established that 7 these phages are not identical neither to the three North American strains used as references nor the earlier 8 isolated Hungarian Siphoviridae strains. Studying the efficacy of selected phages in apple blossoms and green 9 pear fruit slices it was found that a combination of three phage isolates (ΦEaH2A, ΦEaH5K and ΦEaH7B)

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The intake of carcinogenic and chemopreventive compounds are important nutritional factors related to the development of malignant tumorous diseases. Repetitive long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) DNA methylation pattern plays a key role in both carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. In our present in vivo animal model, we examined LINE-1 DNA methylation pattern as potential biomarker in the liver, spleen and kidney of mice consuming green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (catechins 80%), a chinese bayberry (Morella rubra) extract (myricetin 80%), a flavonoid extract (with added resveratrol) and coffee (Coffee arabica) extract. In the organs examined, carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hypomethylation was prevented by all test materials except chinese bayberry extract in the kidneys. Moreover, the flavonoid extract caused significant hypermethylation in the liver compared to untreated controls and to other test materials. The tested chemopreventive substances have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and regulate molecular biological signaling pathways. They increase glutathione levels, induce antioxidant enzymes, which decrease free radical damage caused by DMBA, and ultimately, they are able to increase the activity of DNA methyltransferase enzymes. Furthermore, flavonoids in the liver may inhibit the procarcinogen to carcinogen activation of DMBA through the inhibition of CYP1A1 enzyme. At the same time, paradoxically, myricetin can act as a prooxidant as a result of free radical damage, which can explain that it did not prevent hypomethylation in the kidneys. Our results demonstrated that LINE-1 DNA methylation pattern is a useful potential biomarker for detecting and monitoring carcinogenic and chemopreventive effects of dietary compounds.

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Both the intake of beneficial olive oil and of harmful trans-fatty acids (TFAs) in consumed foods are of great significance in tumor biology. In our present study we examined the effects they exert on the expression patterns of miR-134, miR-132, miR-124-1, miR-9-3 and mTOR in the liver, spleen and kidney of mice treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA). Feeding of TFA-containing diet significantly increased the expression of all studied miRs and mTORC1 in all organs examined, except the expression of mTORC1 in the spleen and kidney. Diet containing olive oil significantly reduced the expression of miR-124-1, miR-9-3 and mTORC1 in the liver and spleen. In the kidney, apart from the mTORC1 gene, the expression of all miRs examined significantly decreased compared to the DMBA control. According to our results, the cell membrane protective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of olive oil and the cell membrane damaging, inflammatory, and carcinogenic properties of TFA suggest negative feedback regulatory mechanisms. In contrast to our expectations, mTORC1 gene expression in the kidney has not been shown to be an appropriate biomarker–presumably, because the many complex effects that regulate mTOR expression may quench each other.

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