Studies on impurity incorporation in cadmium oxalate crystals grown by gel method

Abstract

Aspects of gel growth of cadmium oxalate single crystals doped with monovalent (Li +, Na +, K* and NH~) and divalent (Ca 2+, Co 2+, Ni z+ and Zn 2÷) cation impurities are discussed. The growth experiments were carried out by single diffusion method. In this paper the effect of composition of the supernatant solution is considered. Rigorous characterization involves determination of composition of cations by employing atomic absorption spectrophotometer and of anions by titration method. The Pauling radius, hydration energy and distribution coefficient of the cations are tabulated and the results are described and discussed.

Growth, Characterization and Conductivity of Chromium Mixed Cadmium Oxalate Crystals

“…Our experimental results showed that the growth conditions of ICO and CMCO crystals are different. Specific gravity of SMS solution, aging of gel and its pH strongly influence the quality, purity, size and quantity of crystals . In the present investigation, specific gravity of SMS solution resolved in between 1.02–1.03, 1.03–1.04, 1.04–1.05 and 1.05–1.06.…”

“…Specific gravity of SMS solution, aging of gel and its pH strongly influence the quality, purity, size and quantity of crystals. [8,9] In the present investigation, specific gravity of SMS solution resolved in between 1.02-1.03, 1.03-1.04, 1.04-1.05 and 1.05-1.06. Good quality and larger size (4 × 2 × 2 mm 3 ) ICO crystals were grown at specific gravity of 1.0375 and CMCO crystals were grown at specific gravity of 1.045 having size 4.5 × 2.5 × 2.2 mm 3 .…”

“…Two trivalent ions (Cr +3 ) are incorporated with three divalent ion (Cd +2 ) sites. [12] Many studies have demonstrated the growth of doped crystals of X +1 -Y +2 (X and Y are metal ions) and X +2 -Y +2 combinations, [7,8,19] but few are succeeded in developing X +2 -Y +3 combination crystals. [13] In the present study, we have successfully grown mixed oxalate crystals of Cd +2 and Cr +3 combinations.…”

Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Sodium Mixed Cadmium Oxalate Crystals

“…In the field of industrial crystallization and semiconductor industries, much importance is given to the addition of foreign particles with the pure crystals in crystallization process. The incorporation of impurities to these crystals is responsible for the specific changes of their physical properties [6]. A known property of oxalates is their insolubility in water, which is useful in separating the transition elements from the mineral as oxalates precipitate [7].…”

Dielectric properties of cobalt doped cadmium oxalate crystals

“…Cadmium oxalate trihydrate single crystals were grown in silica gel employing various nucleation controlling procedures (Arora and Abraham 1981) by adding impurities such as Li ÷, K +, NH~-etc. (Pella et al 1984) and divalent impurities like Co + 2, Ca + 2, Ni ÷ 2, Zn + 2 etc (Jagannatha and Mohan Rao 1993). Addition of impurities suppressed the nucleation density and increased the size of the crystal.…”