Structural Mathematical Models of Water Clusters Regarding the Energy of Hydrogen Bonding

Abstract

In this review it is reported about the research on the structure of intermolecular water cyclic associates (clusters) with general formula (Н2О)n and their charged ionic clusters [(Н2О)n] + and [(Н2О)n] -by means of computer modeling and spectroscopy methods as 1 Н-NMR, IR-spectroscopy, DNES, EXAFS-spectroscopy, X-Ray and neurons diffraction. The computer calculation of polyhedral nanoclusters (Н2О)n, where n = 3-20 are carried out. Based on this data the main structural mathematical models describing water structure (quasicrystalline, continious, fractal, fractal-clathrate) have been examined and some important physical characteristics were obtained. The average energy of hydrogen bonding (EH…O) between Н2О molecules in the process of cluster formation was measured by the DNES method compiles -0,1067±0,0011 eV. It was also shown that water clusters formed from 2 H2О were more stable, than those ones from Н2О due to isotopic effects of deuterium.Keywords: hydrogen bond; water; structure; clusters. IntroductionWater with its anomalous physical and chemical properties outranks all other natural substances on the Earth. The ancient philosophers considered water as the most important component of the matter. It performs a vital role in numerous biochemical and metabolic processes occurring in cells with participation of water, being a universal polar solvent for hydrophilic molecules having an affinity for water. Hydroxyl groups (-OH) in H2O molecule, are polar and therefore hydrophilic. Moreover water act as a reagent for a big number of chemical reactions (hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction reactions). In chemical processes water due to its high ionizing ability possesses strong amphoteric properties, and can act both as an acid and a base in reactions of chemical exchange.

Biologically Structured Water-A Review (Part 2): Redox Biology, Plant Resilience, SW Drinking Water Types, BSW Water and Aging, BSW Water and Immunity

“…Many case studies investigated the effects of drinking natural water with SW properties that have increased health and longevity [134][135][136][137][138][139][140]. Over a dozen research and case studies by Ignatov evaluated the effects of SW properties of natural water sources on human health and longevity have been published [141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150].…”

“…Shungite alters physicochemical water properties such as oxidation-reduction processes, sorption, catalytic, biological activity, and electrical conductivity, improving its health benefits as a drinking water [144][145]. Ignatov used the evaporation angle of water droplets to estimate the energy of hydrogen bonds of shungite and zeolite solutions in water [141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150]. He found a significant relationship between the H-bond energy of the mountain drinking water and extended life spans for the villagers drinking the mountain water.…”

Water Electrolysis-Processes in Catholyte and Anolyte Results with Differential Non-Equilibrium Water Spectrum

“…Thus, the DNES spectrum is an indicator of structural changes in water, because the energy of hydrogen bonds in water samples differ due to the different number of hydrogen bonds in water samples, which may result from the fact that different waters have different structures and composition and various intermolecular interactions -various associative elements etc Ignatov et al, 2015). The redistribution of H2O molecules in water samples according to the energy is a statistical process of dynamics.…”

The Evaluation of the Mathematical Model of Interaction of Electrochemically Activated Water Solutions (Anolyte and Catholyte) with Water

“…The energy of the hydrogen bonding in the water dimmer makes up 0,2 eV (∼5 kcal/mol) that is larger than the energy of thermal motion of the molecules at the temperature of 300 K. Hydrogen bonds are easily disintegrated and re-formed through an interval of time, which makes water structure quite unstable and changeable [35]. This process leads to structural inhomogeneity of water characterizing it as an associated heterogeneous two-phase liquid with short-range ordering, i.e.…”