Structural factors governing starch digestion and glycemic responses and how they can be modified by enzymatic approaches: A review and a guide

Korompokis, Konstantinos; Verbeke, Kristin; Delcour, Jan A.

doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12847

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…For lower molecular weight (6300 Da, equivalent to DP 35), 50 g pullulan did not reduce the glucose response, confirming our finding that, in conjunction with the structure, molecular weight plays an important role [ 20 ]. These results confirm that structural factors modulate the digestion speed of fully digestible carbohydrates [ 21 ], and govern starch digestion and glycemic responses [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

A Decentralized Study Setup Enables to Quantify the Effect of Polymerization and Linkage of α-Glucans on Post-Prandial Glucose Response

et al. 2022

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The complexity of the carbohydrate structure is associated with post-prandial glucose response and diverse health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine whether, thanks to the usage of minimally invasive glucose monitors, it was possible to evaluate, in a decentralized study setup, the post-prandial glycemic response (PPGR) of α-glucans differing systematically in their degree of polymerization (DP 3 vs. DP 60) and in their linkage structure (dextrin vs. dextran). Ten healthy subjects completed a double-blind, randomized, decentralized crossover trial, testing at home, in real life conditions, four self-prepared test beverages consisting of 25 g α-glucan dissolved in 300 mL water. The incremental area under the curve of the 120 min PPGR (2h-iAUC) was the highest for Dextrin DP 3 (163 ± 27 mmol/L*min), followed by Dextrin DP 60 (−25%, p = 0.208), Dextran DP 60 (−59%, p = 0.002), and non-fully caloric Resistant Dextrin (−68%, p = 0.002). These results show that a fully decentralized crossover study can be successfully used to assess the influence of both polymerization and structure of α-glucans on PPGR.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

A Decentralized Study Setup Enables to Quantify the Effect of Polymerization and Linkage of α-Glucans on Post-Prandial Glucose Response

et al. 2022

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“…First, extrusion can have a microbiome-independent influence on glucose metabolism, whereby it increases the glycemic index and load of cereals and whole grains by making the starch more rapidly available and digestible. 43–45 This is supported by our data showing that the extruded samples had a much higher proportion of gelatinized starch, which is known to digest more rapidly than ungelatinized starch, 46 compared with the whole wheat porridge sample. The change in glycemic index for a particular grain processed via extrusion or not has been shown to be much greater than the difference between grains processed using the same conditions, 47 further suggesting a dramatic influence of processing on the glycemic index of whole grains that exceed the differences in composition among grain types.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Carbohydrate utilization by the gut microbiome determines host health responsiveness to whole grain type and processing methods

et al. 2022

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Little is known about how interactions among grain processing, grain type, and carbohydrate utilization (CU) by the microbiome influence the health benefits of whole grains. Therefore, two whole grains – brown rice and whole wheat – and two processing methods – boiling (porridge) and extrusion – were studied for their effects on host metabolic outcomes in mice harboring human microbiomes previously shown in vitro to have high or low CU. Mice carrying either microbiome experienced increases in body weight and glycemia when consuming Western diets supplemented with extruded grains versus porridge. However, mice with the high but not low CU microbiome also gained more weight and fat over time and were less glucose tolerant when consuming extruded grain diets. In high CU microbiome mice, the exacerbated negative health outcomes associated with extrusion were related to altered abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae as well as elevated sugar degradation and colonic acetate production. The amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with extruded and porridge diets in this in vivo study were not the same as those identified in our prior in vitro study; however, the predicted functions were highly correlated. In conclusion, mice harboring both high and low CU microbiomes responded to the whole grain diets similarly, except the high CU microbiome mice exhibited exacerbated effects due to excessive acetate production, indicating that CU by the microbiome is linked to host metabolic health outcomes. Our work demonstrates that a greater understanding of food processing effects on the microbiome is necessary for developing foods that promote rather than diminish host health. Abbreviations : CU- carbohydrate utilization; SCFA- short-chain fatty acids; GF- germ-free; HMA, human-microbiome associated; ipGTT- intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR- Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; AUC- area under the glycemia curve; ASV- amplicon sequence variant; lf- low-fat; wd- Western diet; wd_wwp- Western diet containing whole wheat porridge; wd_wwe- Western diet containing whole wheat extrudate; wd_bre- Western diet containing brown rice extrudate; wd_extr- Western diet containing either whole wheat or brown rice extrudate.

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“…Surprisingly, although CD-fed Sct −/− mice were significantly heavier than CD-fed WT mice, these mice did not manifest significant hepatocyte steatosis. This may be due to the fact that the absence of Sct-induced bicarbonate secretion in the duodenum and small intestine of Sct −/− mice favors absorption of sugar but impairs the absorption of fat [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knockout of secretin ameliorates biliary and liver phenotypes during alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity

Kyritsi

Zhou

et al. 2023

Cell Biosci

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Background Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is characterized by ductular reaction (DR), liver inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The secretin (Sct)/secretin receptor (SR) axis (expressed only by cholangiocytes) regulates liver phenotypes in cholestasis. We evaluated the role of Sct signaling on ALD phenotypes. Methods We used male wild-type and Sct−/− mice fed a control diet (CD) or ethanol (EtOH) for 8 wk. Changes in liver phenotypes were measured in mice, female/male healthy controls, and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Since Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a11/22 regulate EtOH liver metabolism, we measured their expression in mouse/human liver. We evaluated: (i) the immunoreactivity of the lipogenesis enzyme elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids 1 (Elovl, mainly expressed by hepatocytes) in mouse/human liver sections by immunostaining; (ii) the expression of miR-125b (that is downregulated in cholestasis by Sct) in mouse liver by qPCR; and (iii) total bile acid (BA) levels in mouse liver by enzymatic assay, and the mRNA expression of genes regulating BA synthesis (cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase, Cyp27a1, 12a-hydroxylase, Cyp8b1, and oxysterol 7a-hydroxylase, Cyp7b11) and transport (bile salt export pump, Bsep, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP, and the organic solute transporter alpha (OSTa) in mouse liver by qPCR. Results In EtOH-fed WT mice there was increased biliary and liver damage compared to control mice, but decreased miR-125b expression, phenotypes that were blunted in EtOH-fed Sct−/− mice. The expression of Cyp4a10 increased in cholangiocytes and hepatocytes from EtOH-fed WT compared to control mice but decreased in EtOH-fed Sct−/− mice. There was increased immunoreactivity of Cyp4a11/22 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared to controls. The expression of miR-125b decreased in EtOH-fed WT mice but returned at normal values in EtOH-fed Sct−/− mice. Elovl1 immunoreactivity increased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared to controls. There was no difference in BA levels between WT mice fed CD or EtOH; BA levels decreased in EtOH-fed Sct−/− compared to EtOH-fed WT mice. There was increased expression of Cyp27a1, Cyp8b1, Cyp7b1, Bsep, NTCP and Osta in total liver from EtOH-fed WT compared to control mice, which decreased in EtOH-fed Sct−/− compared to EtOH-fed WT mice. Conclusions Targeting Sct/SR signaling may be important for modulating ALD phenotypes.

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Structural factors governing starch digestion and glycemic responses and how they can be modified by enzymatic approaches: A review and a guide

Cited by 28 publications

References 226 publications

A Decentralized Study Setup Enables to Quantify the Effect of Polymerization and Linkage of α-Glucans on Post-Prandial Glucose Response

A Decentralized Study Setup Enables to Quantify the Effect of Polymerization and Linkage of α-Glucans on Post-Prandial Glucose Response

Carbohydrate utilization by the gut microbiome determines host health responsiveness to whole grain type and processing methods

Knockout of secretin ameliorates biliary and liver phenotypes during alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity

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