Structural and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber/GTR composites devulcanized by microwaves: Influence of GTR source and irradiation time

Colom, X.; Marín-Genescà, Marc; Mujal, R.; Formela, Krzysztof

doi:10.1177/0021998318761554

Cited by 60 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The band at 1050 cm −1 assigned to C-O describes the same behavior of the band at 1200 cm −1 , mentioned previously, in the samples cured with the sulfur system. On the other hand, the broad band around 850 cm −1 assigned at -C=C−H out of plane (NR) [41] is bigger in samples vulcanized with DCP than in the ones using the sulfur system. This phenomenon is related to the differences in the curing mechanism of natural rubber by DCP compared to sulfur-based system, which was comprehensively described in work [42].…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the case of an organic peroxide curing system, this band is not visible, probably because the peroxide can react with the present OH groups. According to Colom et al [41], the band at 1540 cm −1 is related to zinc stearate, formed during the reaction between ZnO and stearic acid. As could be expected, zinc stearate peak appears only in the samples with the sulfur curing system, because samples with DCP do not include this component.…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth mentioning that in the samples with 50% or 100%GTR vulcanized with DCP, there is a weak FTIR signal at 1540 cm −1 , which is due to the first vulcanization of GTR, that has been made using the sulfur system and, therefore, also contains some ZnO and stearic acid. According to Colom et al [41], the band at 1540 cm −1 is related to zinc stearate, formed during the reaction between ZnO and stearic acid. As could be expected, zinc stearate peak appears only in the samples with the sulfur curing system, because samples with DCP do not include this component.…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

et al. 2020

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The application of wastes as a filler/reinforcement phase in polymers is a new strategy to modify the performance properties and reduce the price of biocomposites. The use of these fillers, coming from agricultural waste (cellulose/lignocellulose-based fillers) and waste rubbers, constitutes a method for the management of post-consumer waste. In this paper, highly-filled biocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and ground tire rubber (GTR)/brewers’ spent grain (BSG) hybrid reinforcements, were prepared using two different curing systems: (i) sulfur-based and (ii) dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The influence of the amount of fillers (in 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100 ratios in parts per hundred of rubber) and type of curing system on the final properties of biocomposites was evaluated by the oscillating disc rheometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, swelling behavior, tensile testing, and impedance tube measurements. The results show, that the scorch time and the optimum curing time values of sulfur cured biocomposites are affected by the change of the hybrid filler ratio while using the DCP curing system, and the obtained values do not show significant variations. The results conclude that the biocomposites cured with sulfur have better physico-mechanical and acoustic absorption, and that the type of curing system does not influence their thermal stability. The overall analysis indicates that the difference in final properties of highly filled biocomposites cured with two different systems is mainly affected by the: (i) cross-linking efficiency, (ii) partial absorption and reactions between fillers and used additives, and (iii) affinity of additives to applied fillers.

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Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

et al. 2020

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“…The final mass of the specimens was measured using the Radwag XA52/2X balance. The swelling ratio was calculated according to following Equation (1) [28]:…”

Section: Methods Of Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milled basalt fibers as reinforcement for polyurea composite spray coatings with improved thermomechanical stability and mechanical performance

et al. 2020

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The novel polyurea-based (PUA) composites modified with milled basalt fibers (BMF), formed with spray coating technology were produced. The addition of 5-30 wt % of BMF into commercial two-component PUA was used as a low-cost modification which allowed to significantly improve the mechanical performance, as well as thermomechanical and thermal stability of the final products. It was found that the incorporation of 30 wt % of BMF resulted in over 30% stiffness improvement and extension using temperature of the coating above 80 °C. Moreover, an increase by 25 °C in thermal stability evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was achieved, without significant changes in the rheological behavior of the compositions, resulting in the presence of structural defects. Finally, an evaluation of crosslink density was conducted in order to ascertain that the applied modification of the thermoset reactive fast-curing system allows to obtain fully cured products which may be used as a spray coating for hydrotechnical objects protection. Mielone włókna bazaltowe jako wzmocnienie polimocznikowych kompozytowych powłok natryskowych o zwiększonej stabilności termomechanicznej i wytrzymałości mechanicznejStreszczenie: Metodą powlekania natryskowego wytworzono nowe kompozyty na bazie polimocznika (PUA) modyfikowanego mielonymi włóknami bazaltowymi (BMF). Komercyjny dwuskładnikowy PUA modyfikowano niskokosztowo za pomocą dodatku 5-30% mas. BMF, co pozwoliło na wyraźną poprawę właściwości mechanicznych, a także stabilności termomechanicznej i termicznej PUA. Stwierdzono, że wprowadzenie do polimocznika 30% mas. BMF zwiększyło o ponad 30% jego sztywność i umożliwiło rozszerzenie zakresu temperatury stosowania powłoki powyżej 80 °C. Metodą analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA) stwierdzono wzrost stabilności termicznej o 25 °C, bez istotnych zmian w reologicznym zachowaniu kompozycji, mogących prowadzić do tworzenia się wad strukturalnych w gotowych wyrobach. Na podstawie oceny gęstości usieciowania potwierdzono, że przeprowadzona modyfikacja termoutwardzalnego reaktywnego systemu szybkiego utwardzania pozwala na uzyskanie w pełni utwardzonych produktów, które można zastosować jako powłokę natryskową do ochrony obiektów hydrotechnicznych.Słowa kluczowe: polimocznik, kompozyt, powłoka natryskowa, włókno bazaltowe, właściwości termomechaniczne.The growing knowledge of the influence of exploitation and weathering conditions on the durability over the whole life cycle of steel and concrete construction elements requires the development of novel protective methods. One of the most extensively developed protection methods used for large scale civil engineering objects, especially those made of concrete, is the application of polyurea (PUA) and polyurethane (PUR) elastomeric spray coatings [1,2]. Their benefi-

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“…Among the most-studied methods, the ultrasound method uses ultrasound waves to produce cavitation in the rubber, which generates tensions that are able to break the chemical bonds [3,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Another de-vulcanization method based on the action of microwaves presents some advantages that make it one of the most promising for the recycling of rubber [2][3][4]13,15,[18][19][20][21][22], including its physical nature, the volumetric heating of the material by the microwaves, and the possibility of high productivity [23].The aging of elastomers can be defined as the degradation process produced by the interaction between a material and an environment, modifying their structure and properties (i.e., mechanical, electrical, chemical, and/or thermal). It is a complex chemical process that occurs under the influence of heat, oxygen, light, ozone, and mechanical tension, and it results in time-dependent modifications of the chemical and physical properties [24].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Influence of UV-Accelerated Aging Process on Industrial Waste Containing EPDM

et al. 2019

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One of the most efficient ways to recycle elastomeric residues from industrial processes is to incorporate them into compositions. The study of these new compositions is interesting in terms of reducing cost, the consumption of raw materials, and the generation of new waste, working towards sustainable development. Thus, this research aimed to produce and characterize elastomeric blends containing one phase comprised of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) industrial waste aged by the action of ultraviolet radiation (UV) in a UV chamber, and the other comprised of raw EPDM, containing different concentrations of residue. Therefore, the mechanical properties and the vulcanization characteristics of the blends containing different concentrations of EPDM residue-aged and un-aged-were analyzed and compared to the properties of a standard formulation (Control). The results showed that the aging of the waste for a period of 156 h did not trigger a severe degradation process. Additionally, its reuse into new compositions promoted improvements of the studied mechanical properties without compromising the vulcanization characteristics due to the higher molecular stiffness of the samples. This procedure can be used to lower costs, but only small amounts of residue can be incorporated into raw rubber without altering the material properties, due to the weak interaction of vulcanized rubber with raw rubber [1,2,5]. Some methods aim to improve this interaction by de-vulcanization. Among the most-studied methods, the ultrasound method uses ultrasound waves to produce cavitation in the rubber, which generates tensions that are able to break the chemical bonds [3,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Another de-vulcanization method based on the action of microwaves presents some advantages that make it one of the most promising for the recycling of rubber [2][3][4]13,15,[18][19][20][21][22], including its physical nature, the volumetric heating of the material by the microwaves, and the possibility of high productivity [23].The aging of elastomers can be defined as the degradation process produced by the interaction between a material and an environment, modifying their structure and properties (i.e., mechanical, electrical, chemical, and/or thermal). It is a complex chemical process that occurs under the influence of heat, oxygen, light, ozone, and mechanical tension, and it results in time-dependent modifications of the chemical and physical properties [24]. In elastomeric compositions, the term "aging" is related to molecular scission, which results in smaller chains, a larger number of chain terminals, and/or cross-link formation, which generates a strong linked network structure [16]. UV radiation is one of the most effective means for the degradation of organic materials through photo-oxidation. This radiation causes irreversible chemical modifications that affect the mechanical properties of materials. UV degradation can make materials brittle, lose resistance, and induce color change, affecting the lifetime of ma...

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Structural and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber/GTR composites devulcanized by microwaves: Influence of GTR source and irradiation time

Cited by 60 publications

References 34 publications

Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

Milled basalt fibers as reinforcement for polyurea composite spray coatings with improved thermomechanical stability and mechanical performance

The Influence of UV-Accelerated Aging Process on Industrial Waste Containing EPDM

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