Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

Zedler, Łukasz; Colom, X.; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Haponiuk, Józef T.; Formela, Krzysztof

doi:10.3390/polym12030545

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…As reported in a previous work [ 52 ], there is a weak FTIR signal at 1540 cm −1 , which is present in the samples cured with BIB and DCP. This is attributed to the first vulcanization of GTR, which has been made using the sulfur system and, therefore, also contains some ZnO and stearic acid.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

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GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides

et al. 2021

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In this work, conventional sulfur and two types of organic peroxides (dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB)) curing systems were used to investigate the possibility for tailoring of the performance properties of GTR/NBR blends reinforced with a variable content of highly dispersive silica (0–30 phr). The curing characteristics, static mechanical and acoustical properties, swelling behavior, thermal stability, and microstructure of the prepared composites were investigated. The results show that regardless of the curing system used, increasing the content of highly dispersive silica resulted in the improvement of the mechanical properties of the studied materials. It was observed that sulfur-based systems are the best choice in terms of cross-linking efficiency determined based on torque increment and cross-link density parameters. However, further analysis of the physico-mechanical properties indicated that the cross-linking efficiency does not match the performance of specimens, and the materials obtained using organic peroxides show higher tensile properties. This is due to the improved physical interactions between the GTR/NBR matrix and highly dispersive silica when using peroxide systems. It was confirmed using the analysis of the Wolff activity coefficient, indicating the enhanced synergy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In our previous work [ 52 ], we also observed that the materials cured with the sulfur system present a higher cross-link density than the ones cured with DCP and that produces a lower signal in the ATR spectroscopy of NR/GTR. This phenomenon is also produced here.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides

et al. 2021

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“…Results showed that biocomposites cured with sulfur represent better acoustic and physicomechanical absorption. What is more, such a curing method does not influence the thermal stability of the product [ 111 ]. Formela et al conducted experiments on reinforcing polyurethane foam with brewer’s spent grains and ground tire rubber.…”

Section: Sustainable Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brewer’s Spent Grains—Valuable Beer Industry By-Product

et al. 2020

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The brewing sector is a significant part of the global food industry. Breweries produce large quantities of wastes, including wastewater and brewer’s spent grains. Currently, upcycling of food industry by-products is one of the principles of the circular economy. The aim of this review is to present possible ways to utilize common solid by-product from the brewing sector. Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is a good material for sorption and processing into activated carbon. Another way to utilize spent grains is to use them as a fuel in raw form, after hydrothermal carbonization or as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The mentioned by-products may also be utilized in animal and human nutrition. Moreover, BSG is a waste rich in various substances that may be extracted for further utilization. It is likely that, in upcoming years, brewer’s spent grains will not be considered as a by-product, but as a desirable raw material for various branches of industry.

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“…Biological activity of these residues makes long term storage difficult. The literature reports ongoing work on various new ways of using BSG, including extraction of polyphenols [10,11], other anti-oxidants [12,13], functional cardioprotective lipids for pharmaceutic use [14], proteins [15], fodder for edible insects [16], material for disposable trays [17], natural rubber modifier [18], as well as feedstock for production of pigments [19] and biochar, for subsequent use as soil amendment [20] or sustainable material for electrodes [21].The potential use of this residue as a fuel has been suggested by several authors so far [7][8][9]22,23]. The relatively high initial moisture content of spent grain makes hydrothermal valorization techniques the most sensible choice [8,9].…”

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confidence: 99%

HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues

et al. 2020

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Steady consumption of beer results in a steady output of residues, i.e., brewer's spent grain (BSG). Its valorization, using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) seems sensible. However, a significant knowledge gap regarding the variability of this residue and its influence on the valorization process and its potential use in biorefineries exists. This study attempted to fill this gap by characterization of BSG in conjunction with the main product (beer), taking into accounts details of the brewing process. Moreover, different methods to assess the performance of HTC were investigated. Overall, the differences in terms of the fuel properties of both types of spent grain were much less stark, in comparison to the differences between the respective beers. The use of HTC as a pretreatment of BSG for subsequent use as a biorefinery feedstock can be considered beneficial. HTC was helpful in uniformization and improvement of the fuel properties. A significant decrease in the oxygen content and O/C ratio and improved grindability was achieved. The Weber method proved to be feasible for HTC productivity assessment for commercial installations, giving satisfactory results for most of the cases, contrary to traditional ash tracer method, which resulted in significant overestimations of the mass yield.However, for craft breweries located in big cities, disposal becomes more problematic [3]. There are also attempts to enrich food products with spent grains. Thus far, there have been trials with sausages [4] and bread [5]. However, consumers reported that such products represent a fiber aftertaste [6]. However, this is limited only to the relatively close vicinity of a brewery, due to relatively high moisture content, that could range between 70% up to 78% 70% [7][8][9]. Biological activity of these residues makes long term storage difficult. The literature reports ongoing work on various new ways of using BSG, including extraction of polyphenols [10,11], other anti-oxidants [12,13], functional cardioprotective lipids for pharmaceutic use [14], proteins [15], fodder for edible insects [16], material for disposable trays [17], natural rubber modifier [18], as well as feedstock for production of pigments [19] and biochar, for subsequent use as soil amendment [20] or sustainable material for electrodes [21].The potential use of this residue as a fuel has been suggested by several authors so far [7][8][9]22,23]. The relatively high initial moisture content of spent grain makes hydrothermal valorization techniques the most sensible choice [8,9]. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), also known as wet torrefaction, is a valorization process suitable for a range of low-quality solid biomass, especially with high initial moisture content [24,25]. Process temperature, reported in the literature, usually ranges between 180 • C and 260 • C [25][26][27][28][29][30]. As the process takes place in subcritical water, pressure has to be higher than saturation pressure of water for specific temperature [25][26][27][28][29][30]. In these conditions wa...

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Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber

Cited by 32 publications

References 47 publications

GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides

GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides

Brewer’s Spent Grains—Valuable Beer Industry By-Product

HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues

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