Stroke in Users of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives

Petitti, Diana B.; Sidney, Stephen; Bernstein, Allan L.; Wolf, Sheldon M.; Quesenberry, Charles; Ziel, Harry K.

doi:10.1097/00006254-199701000-00022

Cited by 41 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…In fact, data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke study revealed that patients with intracranial atherosclerosis had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (67%) when compared to those with extracranial atherosclerosis nonatherosclerotic (60% and 48% respectively) 26 . Additionally, the impact of diabetes was also established in autopsy study done in Hong Kong 27 . Based on these studies, it may be the strongest risk factor for intracranial stenosis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: A Review Update

Choudhury

Chowdhury

Nayeem

et al. 2015

J. Natl Inst. Neurosci Bangladesh

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Stroke is the third most common cause of death in industrialized countries. Stroke is the most important cause of morbidity and longterm disability in Europe as well as in other industrialized nations. Prevalence rate was higher among men compared with women 3.44 and 2.41 per 1000 respectively. Data from the Northern Manhattan study showed the age adjusted incidence of first ischemic stroke per 100,000 was 88 in Whites 191 in Blacks and 149 in Hispanics. Black has almost thrice the risk of first ever stroke compared with Whites. The age adjustment stroke incidence rates for first ever stroke are 167 for White males, 138 for White females, 323 for Black males and 260 for Black females. Among American-Indian age 65-74, the annual rates per 1,000 population of new and recurrent stoke are 6.1 for men and 6.6 for women. 22The prevalence of stroke in American Indian mean age 45-74 ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 percent and in women from 0.2 to 0.7 percent 5 . In a study in Bangladesh the prevalence rate of stroke were 2.0, 3.0, 2.0, 10.0 , and 10.0 per 1000 within age groups of 40 -49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years to above age group respectively 6 . Prevalence rate rose with age. People with age range 70-79 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.98 times and people with age range > 80 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.78 times more likely to have suffered from stroke. Prevalence rate was higher among men compared with women 3.44 and 2.41 per 1000 respectively 7 . On average every 45 seconds someone in the United States has a stroke. Each year about 700,000 people experience a new or current stroke 5 . About 500,000 of these are first attack and 200,000 are recurrent attacks 4 . Each year about 46,000 more men than women have a stroke 6 . Men's stroke incidence rate is 1.25 times greater than women's 6 .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: A Review Update

Choudhury

Chowdhury

Nayeem

et al. 2015

J. Natl Inst. Neurosci Bangladesh

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“…[86][87][88] Low-oestrogen OCs, on the other hand, do not appear to carry the same risk and are generally considered safe with regard to stroke. 89 The rarity of stroke in a large study of 15 to 44 yearold women in northern and southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Programs taking OCs 89 was attributed to the low oestrogen content of the OCs (those in wide use in the United States have 30 or 35 g of oestrogen), and the fact that OC use in the United States is limited to women who do not have cardiovascular disease risk factors, including hypertension or diabetes.…”

Section: Stroke and Oral Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension in women

Rosenthal

Oparil

2000

J Hum Hypertens

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Hypertension in women has received less attention than hypertension in men, and the major controlled trials of antihypertensive therapy have been carried out in populations made up predominantly of and have emphasised outcomes in men. Recently it has been recognised that women develop high blood pressure, particularly systolic hypertension, at an increased rate as they age, and that this age-related blood pressure increase is exaggerated by the menopause. The age-related rise in blood pressure, particularly systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, contributes substantially to the age-related increase in risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke in middle-aged and elderly women. This article reviews

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“…OCP has statistically significant role in developing stroke in young age group 16 studied on oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and mentioned that oral contraceptives with an estrogen content >50 µg, the preparations used in the 1960s and 1970s, were strongly associated with risk for stroke. Recently a study of low-dose oral contraceptives (<50 µg estrogen) disclosed no increased risk of stroke in more than 3.6 million woman-years of observation 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Stroke in Young and Old Age Group Admitted in a Tertiary Level Hospital, Dhaka - A Comparative Study

Miah

Azhar

Rahman³

et al. 2014

Bangla. J. Neuroscience

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Background: Stroke is an important cause of death and disability. Prevalence of stroke in Bangladesh differs with age. The risk factors in young differ in comparison to old age group. In this study risk factors of stroke in young in comparison to old age group were evaluated. Objectives: To compare the risk factors associated with stroke in young adult and to those of old age group. Methodology: This comparative study conducted in the department of Medicine and Neurology, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from January 2008 to June 2009. One hundred two stroke patient of above 15 years of age were confirmed by CT scan or MRI of brain those were included in young and old age groups. The risk factors of stroke were defined in terms of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, ischemic heart diseases, valvular heart disease, history of transient ischemic attack or stroke, smoking and oral contraceptive pill. Results: Of total 102 cases 17 were young adults and 85 old patients between 19 to 100 years. Mean age young adult was 39.76 (± 6.379) and old age was 65.06 (± 11.238). 61.7% were male & 38.2% were female and the ratio was 1.6:1. Amongst male 58.8% patients were smoker in each age group and only 2.9% old patients were alcoholic. Only 17.6% had previous history of transient ischemic attack or stroke in each age group. 58.8% of young and 48.2% of old were hypertensive. 7% old patients had history of ischemic heart disease. 5.9% of young and 2.4% of old patients had valvular heart disease but no patient had vasculitis. 16.7% old patients had diabetes mellitus. 4.9% of total patients (young 11.8% and 3.5% old) were oral contraceptive pill user. Out of all patients 24.7% old patients and 5.9% young adult was dyslipidaemic. Among all patients 66.7% patients had the Ischemic stroke and 33.3% patients had the hemorrhagic stroke. 68.2% old patients and 58.8% young patients had Ischemic stroke; 31.8% old patients and 41.2% young patients had hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: In young age group smoking, transient ischemic attack or stroke, hypertension, valvular heart disease, oral contraceptive pill and in old age group smoking, transient ischemic attack or stroke, hypertension, Ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia were found significant risk factors for development of stroke. So modification of risk factors may reduce the incidence of stroke. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 94-100 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17576

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Stroke in Users of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: A Review Update

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: A Review Update

Hypertension in women

Risk Factors of Stroke in Young and Old Age Group Admitted in a Tertiary Level Hospital, Dhaka - A Comparative Study

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