Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke: A Review Update

Abstract

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in industrialized countries. Stroke is the most important cause of morbidity and longterm disability in Europe as well as in other industrialized nations. Prevalence rate was higher among men compared with women 3.44 and 2.41 per 1000 respectively. Data from the Northern Manhattan study showed the age adjusted incidence of first ischemic stroke per 100,000 was 88 in Whites 191 in Blacks and 149 in Hispanics. Black has almost thrice the risk of first ever stroke compared with Whites. The age adjustment stroke incidence rates for first ever stroke are 167 for White males, 138 for White females, 323 for Black males and 260 for Black females. Among American-Indian age 65-74, the annual rates per 1,000 population of new and recurrent stoke are 6.1 for men and 6.6 for women. 22The prevalence of stroke in American Indian mean age 45-74 ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 percent and in women from 0.2 to 0.7 percent 5 . In a study in Bangladesh the prevalence rate of stroke were 2.0, 3.0, 2.0, 10.0 , and 10.0 per 1000 within age groups of 40 -49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years to above age group respectively 6 . Prevalence rate rose with age. People with age range 70-79 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.98 times and people with age range > 80 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.78 times more likely to have suffered from stroke. Prevalence rate was higher among men compared with women 3.44 and 2.41 per 1000 respectively 7 . On average every 45 seconds someone in the United States has a stroke. Each year about 700,000 people experience a new or current stroke 5 . About 500,000 of these are first attack and 200,000 are recurrent attacks 4 . Each year about 46,000 more men than women have a stroke 6 . Men's stroke incidence rate is 1.25 times greater than women's 6 .

Risk Factors Associated With Cerebro-Vascular Accident Ischemic Stroke In Young And Elderly Population.

“…This was in concurrence with the findings of Sridhar Srimath Tirumala, Ranjan Amit (70% males and 30% females). 7,8 Out of141 patients it was found that 41 patients were< 45 years and 99 were >45 years From our study we observed that in the younger age group of < 45 years, the age between 31-45(63.4%) was at a higher risk which was comparable with the study conducted by Deepadharshan Huliyapa et al 9 . From our study it was found that the common risk factors among young were Alcohol consumption (78%), Hypertension (60.9%), Smoking (63%), in contrast to the study conducted by Masaraf Hussian, Shri Ram et al (2018).…”

“…patients. [12][13][14] From our study, the modifiable risk factors which were recorded are hypertension, cardio vascular disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidaemia and Life style related were Smoking, Alcohol consumption, Obesity which was comparable to the study conducted by MS Jahirul hoque choudhary et al (2015) [15][16][17][18] . From our study, one male Pediatric case was recorded.…”

Modelling Modifiable Risk Factors of Stroke in South Africa: Classical and Bayesian Logistic Regression Models

“…Risk factors of stroke can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable [6]. Non-modifiable risk factors are unpreventable such as age, race and heredity whilst modifiable factors are controllable such as hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes and obesity [7]. This study identified and quantified the effect of stroke modifiable risk factors in SA using classical and Bayesian logistic regression analysis.…”

“…A meta-analysis was conducted in China to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of ischemic stroke and found that cholesterol and diabetes were significantly associated with ischemic stroke [6]. Logistic regression was used to identify the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of stroke and the study findings showed that hypertension and diabetes were prevalent in old aged white males [7]. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate modifiable risk factors associated with stroke incidence in very old people in Sweden.…”

Ischemic Stroke

“…8 A stroke is occasionally treated with thrombolysis, but usually with supportive care like speech therapy, physiotherapy and occupational therapy and secondary prevention with antiplatelet drugs, blood pressure control, statins, and in selected patients with carotid endarterectomy and anticoagulation. [9][10] Epidemiologic studies of the risk factors for stroke [10][11][12] For the detection of stroke, CT scan is considered the first line investigation due to its availability and exquisite sensitivity for detection of blood and infarction.…”