Stress Reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in Traditional and Virtual Environments: A Meta-Analytic Comparison

Helminen, Emily C.; Morton, Melissa; Wang, Qiu; Felver, Joshua C.

doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000918

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The TSST is a commonly used and validated test to experimentally induce psychosocial stress ( Kirschbaum et al, 1993 ; Allen et al, 2014 ). It has been successfully modified and validated using a virtual, rather than a physical audience ( Kelly et al, 2007 ; Ruiz et al, 2010 ; Helminen et al, 2021 ). A modified 30-min TSST, which consisted of several challenging interview questions regarding responses to TSD, including those related to performance, aptitude, motivation, and interactions with others, and several difficult cognitive tests, including a 3-min Stroop task and a 5-min calculation task involving counting backward aloud in 13-step sequences, was conducted with participants remotely via audio and a one-way video camera ( Moreno-Villanueva et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left Ventricular Ejection Time Measured by Echocardiography Differentiates Neurobehavioral Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss and Stress

et al. 2022

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There are substantial individual differences (resilience and vulnerability) in performance resulting from sleep loss and psychosocial stress, but predictive potential biomarkers remain elusive. Similarly, marked changes in the cardiovascular system from sleep loss and stress include an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. It remains unknown whether key hemodynamic markers, including left ventricular ejection time (LVET), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), blood pressure (BP), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), differ in resilient vs. vulnerable individuals and predict differential performance resilience with sleep loss and stress. We investigated for the first time whether the combination of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and psychological stress affected a comprehensive set of hemodynamic measures in healthy adults, and whether these measures differentiated neurobehavioral performance in resilient and vulnerable individuals. Thirty-two healthy adults (ages 27–53; 14 females) participated in a 5-day experiment in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA), a high-fidelity National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space analog isolation facility, consisting of two baseline nights, 39 h TSD, and two recovery nights. A modified Trier Social Stress Test induced psychological stress during TSD. Cardiovascular measure collection [SV, HR, CI, LVET, BP, and SVRI] and neurobehavioral performance testing (including a behavioral attention task and a rating of subjective sleepiness) occurred at six and 11 timepoints, respectively. Individuals with longer pre-study LVET (determined by a median split on pre-study LVET) tended to have poorer performance during TSD and stress. Resilient and vulnerable groups (determined by a median split on average TSD performance) showed significantly different profiles of SV, HR, CI, and LVET. Importantly, LVET at pre-study, but not other hemodynamic measures, reliably differentiated neurobehavioral performance during TSD and stress, and therefore may be a biomarker. Future studies should investigate whether the non-invasive marker, LVET, determines risk for adverse health outcomes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left Ventricular Ejection Time Measured by Echocardiography Differentiates Neurobehavioral Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss and Stress

et al. 2022

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“…A modified 30-min TSST was conducted with participants remotely via audio and a one-way video camera ( Moreno-Villanueva et al, 2018 ). Notably, remote implementation of the TSST is a validated virtual alternative to the traditional in-person method ( Kelly et al, 2007 ; Ruiz et al, 2010 ; Helminen et al, 2021 ). The TSST consisted of several challenging interview questions regarding responses to TSD, including those related to motivation, performance, aptitude, and interactions with others, and several difficult cognitive tests, including a 3-min Stroop task and a 5-min calculation task involving counting backward aloud in 13-step sequences ( Moreno-Villanueva et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol and C-Reactive Protein Vary During Sleep Loss and Recovery but Are Not Markers of Neurobehavioral Resilience

et al. 2021

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Cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP) typically change during total sleep deprivation (TSD) and psychological stress; however, it remains unknown whether these biological markers can differentiate robust individual differences in neurobehavioral performance and self-rated sleepiness resulting from these stressors. Additionally, little is known about cortisol and CRP recovery after TSD. In our study, 32 healthy adults (ages 27–53; mean ± SD, 35.1 ± 7.1 years; 14 females) participated in a highly controlled 5-day experiment in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA), a high-fidelity National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space analog isolation facility, consisting of two baseline nights, 39 h TSD, and two recovery nights. Psychological stress was induced by a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on the afternoon of TSD. Salivary cortisol and plasma CRP were obtained at six time points, before (pre-study), during [baseline, the morning of TSD (TSD AM), the afternoon of TSD (TSD PM), and recovery], and after (post-study) the experiment. A neurobehavioral test battery, including measures of behavioral attention and cognitive throughput, and a self-report measure of sleepiness, was administered 11 times. Resilient and vulnerable groups were defined by a median split on the average TSD performance or sleepiness score. Low and high pre-study cortisol and CRP were defined by a median split on respective values at pre-study. Cortisol and CRP both changed significantly across the study, with cortisol, but not CRP, increasing during TSD. During recovery, cortisol levels did not return to pre-TSD levels, whereas CRP levels did not differ from baseline. When sex was added as a between-subject factor, the time × sex interaction was significant for cortisol. Resilient and vulnerable groups did not differ in cortisol and CRP, and low and high pre-study cortisol/CRP groups did not differ on performance tasks or self-reported sleepiness. Thus, both cortisol and CRP reliably changed in a normal, healthy population as a result of sleep loss; however, cortisol and CRP were not markers of neurobehavioral resilience to TSD and stress in this study.

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“…Perhaps extremely large samples are needed for identification of profiles that have lower base rates even among adolescents facing greater disadvantage. Finally, it is worth noting that although the moderate reactivity class was used as the referent group given the expectation that too high or lack of reactivity may both be problematic, the level of reactivity in the moderate group was fairly small compared to other studies using the TSST where the moderate group had higher reactivity (Helminen et al., 2021). On the one hand, this may reflect the chronic stressors experienced by the children in this sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal substance exposure, early‐life adversity, and parenting: Associations with adolescent stress response

Eiden

Ettekal

Zhao

et al. 2023

Developmental Psychobiology

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We tested a conceptual model examining associations between prenatal substance exposure and adolescent cortisol reactivity profiles in response to an acute social evaluative stressor. We included cortisol reactivity in infancy, and direct and interactive effects of early-life adversity and parenting behaviors (sensitivity, harshness) from infancy to early school age on adolescent cortisol reactivity profiles in model testing.Participants were 216 families (51% female children; 116 cocaine-exposed) recruited at birth, oversampled for prenatal substance exposure, and assessed from infancy to early adolescence (EA). Majority of participants self-identified as Black (72% mothers, 57.2% adolescents), and caregivers were primarily from low-income families (76%), were single (86%), and had high school or below education (70%) at recruitment. Latent profile analyses identified three cortisol reactivity patterns including elevated (20.4%), moderate (63.1%), and blunted (16.5%) reactivity groups. Prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with higher likelihood of membership in the elevated reactivity compared to the moderate reactivity group. Higher caregiver sensitivity in early life was associated with lower likelihood of membership in the elevated reactivity group. Prenatal cocaine exposure was associated with higher maternal harshness. Interaction effects among early-life adversity and parenting indicated that caregiver sensitivity buffered, and harshness exacerbated, the likelihood that high early adversity would be associated with the elevated and blunted reactivity groups. Results highlight the potential importance of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure for cortisol reactivity and the role of parenting as exacerbating or buffering the impact of early-life adversity on adolescent stress response.

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Stress Reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in Traditional and Virtual Environments: A Meta-Analytic Comparison

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Left Ventricular Ejection Time Measured by Echocardiography Differentiates Neurobehavioral Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss and Stress

Left Ventricular Ejection Time Measured by Echocardiography Differentiates Neurobehavioral Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss and Stress

Cortisol and C-Reactive Protein Vary During Sleep Loss and Recovery but Are Not Markers of Neurobehavioral Resilience

Prenatal substance exposure, early‐life adversity, and parenting: Associations with adolescent stress response

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