Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis

Yamamoto, Ayako; Serizawa, Shou; Ito, Masaaki; Satō, Yoshio

doi:10.1007/bf01106105

Cited by 260 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The main skin surface lipids are triglycerides, squalene, wax esters, cholesterol, ceramides, and free fatty acids (3). Although the lipid composition in AD patients is generally not different from that of healthy subjects, a significant decrease in ceramide 1 and differences in the concentrations of the related linoleate and oleate molecules have been reported (7,24). Such differences in composition might affect colonization by Malassezia strains with different lipid requirements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype Analysis of Malassezia restricta as the Major Cutaneous Flora in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects

Sugita

Tajima

Amaya

et al. 2004

Microbiology and Immunology

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Lipophilic yeasts in the genus Malassezia are part of the normal human cutaneous microflora and are isolated from sebaceous-rich areas, particularly the chest, back, and head. They are a causative factor in pityriasis versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis (1, 4). In addition, Malassezia species are also thought to exacerbate atopic dermatitis (AD), based on findings that AD patients have specific serum IgE antibodies to Malassezia (11,21,22). Application of topical antifungal agents by AD patients decreases Malassezia colonization and the severity of eczematous lesions (2), suggesting that Malassezia species play a role in AD. We have analyzed the cutaneous Malassezia microflora of AD patients and healthy subjects using a non-culture method (nested PCR) (16). While M. restricta and M. globosa were detected in approximately 90% of the AD patients, other Malassezia species were found in fewer than 40%. In addition, we analyzed the DNA sequence divergence of the IGS region, which is located between the 26S and 5S rRNA genes of M. globosa, and found that the IGS sequence of M. globosa from AD patients differed from that from healthy subjects (19). These findings suggest that a specific genotype of this microorganism plays a significant role in AD. This paper describes the genotype of one of the major Malassezia microflora species, M. restricta, obtained from the skin of AD patients and healthy subjects. Materials and MethodsDirect DNA sequencing of the IGS 1 region of M. restricta stock strains. Three stock strains obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Utrecht, The Netherlands) were analyzed: CBS 7877 (type strain of M. restricta), CBS 7991, and CBS 8747. The first two were isolated from the skin of a healthy subject in the UK, and the third was from the scalp of a healthy subject in Canada (http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/). Genomic DNA was extracted using the method of Makimura et al. (12). The IGS region containing 5S rDNA was amplified from each strain using the primer pair 26SBF (5'-AGCTGCTGCCAATGCTAGCTC) and Mala-R (5'-TACTGCTGTGAATGCTCCAGC) (18). The PCR products were sequenced using an ABI 310 DNA sequencer and a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit version 3.1 (PerkinElmer Applied Biosystems, Calif., U.S.A.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan Received May 18, 2004; in revised form, June 29, 2004. Accepted July 6, 2004 Abstract: Lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia colonize the skin surface of humans and are an exacerbating factor in atopic dermatitis (AD). Two species, M. restricta and M. globosa are major cutaneous microflora in both AD patients and healthy subjects. We compared the DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region, located between the 26S and 5S rRNA genes of M. restricta colonizing the skin surfaces of 13 AD patients and 12 healthy subjects, and of three CBS stock strains as references. The IGS 1 sequences were divided into two major groups, corresponding to AD patients...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype Analysis of Malassezia restricta as the Major Cutaneous Flora in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects

Sugita

Tajima

Amaya

et al. 2004

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Yamamoto et al 41 observed that the relative amounts of all the stratum corneum lipid classes including squalene, cholesterol esters, wax esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides, cholesterol sulphate and phospholipids did not differ statistically between AD patients and controls but, a significant decrease in proportion of ceramide 1. On the other hand, the fatty acid compositions as well as the proportions of C16:1 straight-chain component in sebum wax esters of AD patients were very similar to those of controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) Extract on the Stratum Corneum Hydration and Ceramides Content in Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Cho

Kim

et al. 2008

Ann Dermatol

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Background: A disruption of the balance between the water content of the stratum corneum (SC) and skin surface lipids may lead to the clinical manifestation of dryness of skin in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).Objective: To determine whether supplementation of gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), one of herbs used in East Asia in remedies for various abnormal skin conditions, may improve the SC level of hydration and ceramides, major lipid in SC in patients with AD.Methods: A total of 28 subjects with AD were randomly assigned into two groups: either gromwell group received dextrose contained capsules with 1.5 g of gromwell extracts or placebo group received only dextrose contained capsules for 10 weeks.Results: In contrast to no alteration of SC hydration and ceramides in placebo group, the SC hydration in gromwell group was significantly increased in parallel with an increase of SC ceramides. Furthermore, % increase of SC hydration in gromwell group bore a positive correlation with the clinical severity, which suggests that the increase of SC hydration in gromwell group was more effective as AD was more severe.Conclusion: Supplementation of gromwell improves SC hydration in parallel with an increase of ceramides in part.

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“…Sebum is a growth medium for skin microorganisms and consists of squalene, cholesterol esters, wax esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides, cholesterol sulfate, and phospholipids. Of these, the proportion of ceramide 1, which is a carrier of linoleate and responsible for the water-barrier function of the skin, is significantly lower in patients with AD (Yamamoto et al 1991). Therefore, the composition of sebum may also affect the fungal microbiota.…”

Section: Malassezia Colonization and Severity Of Admentioning

confidence: 99%