Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Fungal Microorganisms

Sugita, Takashi; Zhang, Enshi; Tanaka, Takafumi; Tajima, Mami; Tsuboi, Ryoji; Ishibashi, Yoshio; Nishikawa, Akemi

doi:10.5772/25630

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Malassezia is part of the normal flora in healthy individuals, but is also associated not only with SD but also with pityriasis versicolor and atopic dermatitis [14,15]. Both M. restricta and M. globosa are major components of various skin diseases, although the ratio of the two is disease-specific [16,17]. In this study, the pyrosequencing assay revealed that M. restricta predominated over M. globosa at lesional sites (Supplement Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Molecular Characterization of the Skin Fungal Microbiota in Patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis

Tanaka¹,

Cho²,

Saito³

et al. 2014

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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IntroductionSeborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder associated with seborrhea. It is characterized by erythematous patches with yellow-gray scales. These appear most often on the face, especially the nasolabial folds, scalp, and upper trunk, in sebaceous gland-rich areas of the skin. The disorder is present in about 3% of the general population, more prevalent in males than in females, and frequently observed in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Parkinson's disease [1,2]. The disease presents in two age groups: newborn infants up to 5 months of age, and young adults with increased sebum secretion from the skin.The human skin is populated by various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi [3,4]. Of these, skin fungi, Malassezia species, play an important role in the development of SD. As Malassezia species require fatty acids for their growth, they colonize the sebaceous glandrich areas of the skin, including the face, scalp, and back, where they feed on fatty acids from human sebum. Malassezia species secrete lipases that hydrolyze sebum into triglycerides, which are further hydrolyzed into fatty acids [5][6][7]. Fatty acids are utilized as nutrition by skin microorganisms, including Malassezia. However, the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid causes inflammation of the skin directly by eliciting IL-1α secretion from macrophages or epidermal keratinocytes, and is thought to be the causative agent of SD [7]. In fact, the mRNA expression of a specific Malassezia lipase gene can be detected from lesional sites in patients with SD [8,9]. The clinical condition improves on administering antifungal agents, suggesting that Malassezia species are one of the causative agents of SD [10,11]. Tajima et al. [12] analyzed the Malassezia microbiota in the skin of patients with SD using a DNA-based molecular approach. The genus Malassezia currently includes 14 species; of these, M. globosa and M. restricta are the major species in the skin of patients with SD and these species are more abundant at lesional sites than non-lesional sites.In the present study, we analyzed comprehensively the skin fungal microbiota of lesional and non-lesional sites of SD patients to obtain basic information to enable understanding of the development of SD and skin fungal microbiota using a pyrosequencing approach. Materials and Methods Patients and sample collectionTwenty-four Japanese outpatients with SD were enrolled in this study (19 males and 5 females; mean age 47.8 ± 18.8 (range 20-77) years). Patients who took antimicrobial agents before involvement in this study were excluded. The study protocol was approved by our Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from each individual. AbstractBackground: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is an inflammatory disease associated with seborrhea that appears most often on the face, especially the nasolabial folds, scalp, and upper trunk, in sebaceous gland-rich areas of the skin. Although various factors are involved in the developmen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Molecular Characterization of the Skin Fungal Microbiota in Patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis

Tanaka¹,

Cho²,

Saito³

et al. 2014

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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“…In addition, catalase activity and CHROMagar have been used as tools for biochemical identification . Recently, rRNA gene sequence analysis and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based molecular method were employed for the identification of Malassezia spp . The DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region or the D1/D2 26S rRNA gene are also useful for identification of Malassezia spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malassezia species and their associated skin diseases

Harada

Saito

Sugita

et al. 2015

The Journal of Dermatology

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117

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Malassezia spp. are lipophilic fungi that occur on all skin surfaces of humans and animals as commensal and pathogenic organisms. In the 2000s, several new species were added to the Malassezia genus by Japanese researchers. The genus Malassezia now includes 14 species of basidiomycetous yeast. Culture-independent molecular analysis clearly demonstrated that the DNA of Malassezia spp. was predominantly detected in core body and arm sites, suggesting that they are the dominant fungal flora of the human body. Malassezia spp. have been implicated in skin diseases including pityriasis versicolor (PV), Malassezia folliculitis (MF), seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). While Malassezia spp. are directly responsible for the infectious diseases, PV and MF, they act as an exacerbating factor in AD and SD. The fatty acids generated by Malassezia lipase can induce inflammation of the skin, resulting in development of SD. Patch and serum immunoglobulin E tests revealed that AD patients were hypersensitive to Malassezia. However, these findings only partially elucidated the mechanism by which Malassezia spp. induce inflammation in the skin; understanding of the pathogenetic role of Malassezia spp. in SD or AD remains incomplete. In this article, the latest findings of Malassezia research are reviewed with special attention to skin diseases.

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Itraconazole in the Treatment of Nonfungal Cutaneous Diseases: A Review

Tsai

2019

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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Introduction The anti-inflammatory and pro-kinetic properties of antibiotics have been widely reported. However, the non-antifungal properties of antifungal agents are less well known and less explored in clinical practice. The purpose of this review was to survey the literature on the non-antifungal use of itraconazole in dermatological practice and the possible modes of action of this agent. Methods The PubMed database was searched for relevant articles published up to January 2017. The references in the articles identified by the search were then hand-searched for additional relevant publications. Results Itraconazole displays a great diversity of non-antifungal activity and has been used to treat a broad spectrum of diseases. The results of our survey reveal that itraconazole has the potential to be an alternative agent for treating patients with advanced cancer (either alone or in combination with other cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs), especially those refractory to traditional treatments. Moreover, itraconazole acts as an anti-angiogenesis agent, induces nail growth, and modulates inflammatory or immune diseases. Conclusion Oral antifungal agents have many non-antifungal properties. However, the body of evidence on individual agents often remains limited due to the lack of large-scale randomized controlled studies. Although some of the findings published to date seem promising, pharmacological vigilance should be taken for off-label use in real-world practice.

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Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Fungal Microorganisms

Cited by 4 publications

References 67 publications

Molecular Characterization of the Skin Fungal Microbiota in Patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis

Molecular Characterization of the Skin Fungal Microbiota in Patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis

Malassezia species and their associated skin diseases

Itraconazole in the Treatment of Nonfungal Cutaneous Diseases: A Review

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