<i>Malassezia</i> species and their associated skin diseases

Harada, Kazutoshi; Saito, Motohiro; Sugita, Takashi; Tsuboi, Ryoji

doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12700

Cited by 117 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, this genus represents a hot topic of basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics [2]. It encompasses a total of 14 species [2,9] As Malassezia spp. are present on the skin surface and within layers of the stratum corneum, variations in technique in obtaining specimen and quantifying the organism likely explain the differences in findings among available studies (Gupta AK).…”

Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malassezia speies are implicated in skin diseases including seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and Malassezia folliculitis and act act as an exacerbating factor in and atopic dermatitis [9]. The fatty acids generated by Malassezia lipase induce skin inflammation leading to seborrheic dermatitis development.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Argirov¹,

Bakardzhiev²

2017

CRDOA

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Seborrheic dermatitis represents a chronic, widespread skin disease that is considered a multifactorial disorder influenced, in part, by Malassezia spp.opportunistic activities as well as by various endogenous and exogenous factors. This review systematizes the recent scientific achievements in the field of insufficiently elucidated etiology and pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. IntroductionSeborrheic dermatitis is initially described by P. G. Unna in 1887 and the association with Malassezia yeasts is accepted up to the middle of the 20th century, when the observed increased epidermal cell turnover gradually prompts researchers to characterize this condition as being intrinsic to the skin[1, 2].Seborrheic dermatitis is common dermatological problem that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. It is considered the same basic condition like dandruff sharing many features and responding to similar treatments, differing only in locality and severity. Current use of varying terms for seborrheic dermatitis such as sebopsoriasis, seborrheic eczema, dandruff, and pityriasis capitis reflects the complex nature of this common skin pathology [3]. Much controversy remains regarding the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis and its classification in the spectrum of cutaneous diseases as a form of dermatitis, a fungal disease, or an inflammatory disease, closely related with psoriasis.The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis peaks when sebaceous gland activity is high, during the first three months of life (infantile seborrheic dermatitis), during puberty and when sebum excretion is reduced after the age of 50 years [2]. Because of smaller sebum production, seborrheic dermatitis flares occur more often in spring than in summer. Disease flare could be associated with altered population dynamics affected not only by variations in sebaceous gland activity but also by modifications in other nutrients supplied by sweat, such as essential amino acids like glycine and tryptophan.Glycine stimulates the fast growth of M. furfur and after its exhaustion yeast cells employ tryptophan as a nitrogen source, increasing the production of indolic metabolites [4]. Such cycles of population growth, bioactive indole production, and subsequent deprivation of nutrients result in insufficiently masked antigens and ligands on the surface of the yeast cells leading to immune system activation.Seborrheic dermatitis occurs on the scalp as well as on face, retroauricular area, and the upper chest, causing flaking, scaling, inflammation, pruritus, and, sometimes, marked erythema [5]. Flaking is usually white-to-yellowish, and may be oily or dry. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors play a pathogenetic role in seborrheic dermatitis. Etiology of Seborrheic DermatitisThere are three principal factors that play a role in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis [6]: sebaceous gland secretion, alteration in col...

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Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Argirov¹,

Bakardzhiev²

2017

CRDOA

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“…Infections caused by Malassezia furfur occur due a change of the saprophytic phase of this yeast to its pathogenic phase, colonizing the stratum corneum [20,21]. Several factors could be the cause of the transformation to the mycelian phase, including endogenous (sweating, greasy skin or immunosuppression) and exogenous factors (high temperature and humidity) [20].…”

Section: Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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“…Cradle cap, or Pityriasis capitis, is a form of SD that occurs in newborns, most frequently around the age of 3 or 4 months [2][3][4]. The common etiology is a convergence of three factors: increased sebaceous gland secretions in neonates, cutaneous microflora disequilibrium (mainly involving Malassezia yeasts), and individual sensitivity (including a possible primary defect in corneocytes and their precursor keratinocytes favouring Malasseziadriven disorders) [5][6][7]. The pathogenic role of Malassezia fungi in SD is related to their ability to increase inflammatory responses through three mechanisms: i) production of lipases and phospholipases that impair epidermal barrier function, ii) an increase in the local production of interleukins that enhances the local immune response, and iii) sensitization to cross-reactive allergens produced by Malassezia yeasts [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of a Topical Pediatric Gel in Infants with Pityriasis capitis: A Randomized Phase III Controlled Trial

Plantin¹,

Ribet²,

Becher³

2016

J Cosmo Trichol

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Objective: Cradle cap is a multifactorial pediatric skin condition characterized by inflammation, irritation, and scalp flaking. The aim of this international, phase III, open-labeled, randomized, parallel-group study was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a pediatric gel (spring water, glycerol, panthenol, lactamide, PEG-60 almond glycerides, zinc sulfate), in addition to standardized hygiene, in infants suffering from cradle cap and/or mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis.Methods: During the 6 week study period, infants were randomly assigned to receive the study gel (gel group, n=65), applied before a standardized shampoo every day from the inclusion visit on Day 0 to Day 7 and every second or third day from Day 8 to Day 42, or only the daily shampoo (control group, n=62). Due to the absence of a published reference score, a total lesion score (combining measures of both the area involved and scale severity in each scalp quadrant; range 0-64) was used to evaluate efficacy. Results:Significantly greater improvements in the total lesion scores were observed in infants from the gel group compared with those in the control group at D7 (-12.8 ± 8.1 versus -8.5 ± 6.9, p=0.002), D21 (-18.9 ± 9.8 versus -14.3 ± 9.6, p=0.009) and D42 (-22.3 ± 10.8 versus -17.5 ± 9.8, p=0.01). Complete recovery was reported in 73% of infants in the gel group, compared with only 50% in the control group (p=0.01). "Very good/Good" gel tolerance was observed in more than 98% of infants. Conclusion:The cradle cap gel efficiently reduced Pityriasis capitis from the first post-inclusion visit on day 7 and tolerance was satisfactory in this specific population. This gel, in addition to a daily hygiene routine, provides a good alternative to commonly used treatments. Combined with use of a mild shampoo, it could be used for first line topical care of infants with cradle cap, with or without mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis.

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Malassezia species and their associated skin diseases

Cited by 117 publications

References 78 publications

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Efficacy and Safety of a Topical Pediatric Gel in Infants with Pityriasis capitis: A Randomized Phase III Controlled Trial

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