Straightforward analytical method to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products

López, Patricia; Fauw, D.P.K.H. Pereboom-de; Mulder, Patrick P.J.; Spanjer, M.C.; Stoppelaar, Joyce de; Mol, Hans; Nijs, Monique de

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.045

Cited by 51 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The reason that calibration curves were produced on each analysis day was that it was shown in previous extractions, that small sub-samples of poppy seeds from the same packet/batch showed much variation of the concentration of the alkaloids present. This is in keeping with the findings of other researchers, who identified a variation in opium alkaloids within a batch and between batches of poppy seeds analyzed (Bozan and Temelli, 2008;López et al, 2018).…”

Section: Alkaloid Extraction From Poppy Seedssupporting

confidence: 92%

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

2020

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The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 µg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.

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Section: Alkaloid Extraction From Poppy Seedssupporting

confidence: 92%

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

2020

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“…The EFSA is currently demanding more information and studies about the presence of these toxic compounds in food in order to know the real exposure of the population to these toxins through their intake because of their potential harmful risks to human health [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. In this sense, in recent years, several analytical methods have been proposed to identify and quantify these compounds in different food samples [82][83][84]. However, most of these methods employ commercial materials as sorbents and, in addition, none of them have been performed under microextraction conditions.…”

Section: Future Challenges In the Integration Of New Advanced Materiamentioning

confidence: 99%

New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples

2020

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Natural toxins are chemical substances that are not toxic to the organisms that produce them, but which can be a potential risk to human health when ingested through food. Thus, it is of high interest to develop advanced analytical methodologies to control the occurrence of these compounds in food products. However, the analysis of food samples is a challenging task because of the high complexity of these matrices, which hinders the extraction and detection of the analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is a crucial step in food analysis to achieve adequate isolation and/or preconcentration of analytes and provide suitable clean-up of matrix interferences prior to instrumental analysis. Current trends in sample preparation involve moving towards “greener” approaches by scaling down analytical operations, miniaturizing the instruments and integrating new advanced materials as sorbents. The combination of these new materials with sorbent-based microextraction technologies enables the development of high-throughput sample preparation methods, which improve conventional extraction and clean-up procedures. This review gives an overview of the most relevant analytical strategies employed for sorbent-based microextraction of natural toxins of exogenous origin from food, as well as the improvements achieved in food sample preparation by the integration of new advanced materials as sorbents in these microextraction techniques, giving some relevant examples from the last ten years. Challenges and expected future trends are also discussed.

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“…In addition, the oral administration of poppy seeds and widely available poppy seed products were investigated [10,18,19], and they found that a morphine-codeine concentration ratio of below 1 (< 1) was a suitable index for the determination of foods containing poppy seeds [20,21]. However, few studies have examined the consumption of cold syrups, mainly because food containing opiate-ingredients caused more social problems than cold syrups in western countries [22][23][24][25]. Whereas, the opposite was true in Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS

et al. 2020

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Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method using “dilute-and-shoot” analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5–1000 ng mL−1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5–800 ng mL−1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5–600 ng mL−1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine–codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.

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Straightforward analytical method to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples

A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS

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