UNODC) states the seized amounts in decreasing order of cocaine (1131 tons), MA (228 tons), heroin and morphine (139 tons), synthetic cathinone (19 tons), and ketamine (11 tons) in 2018. [2] Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) have been commonly applied to identify illicit drugs, [3] but they are expensive and require experienced operators to conduct the analysis. In addition, the laboratory usually cannot provide results quickly to law enforcement officers, mainly because of tedious analysis procedures needed and large number of suspected samples provided. Thus, before sending suspected samples to the laboratory, screening of illicit drugs at crime sites is required. [4] Several commercial colorimetric test kits have been employed for screening of illicit drugs. [5] Most of the assays are convenient, but poor selectivity toward the analyte, limits to small groups of analytes, and interference from colorful matrix are sometimes problematic. Although sensitive and selective immunoassay kits are available for screening of few common drugs like cocaine in urine, [6] their high cost and short shelf life are concerns. Immunoassay kits for new psychoactive substances (NPSs) like synthetic cathinones with various analogs are unavailable. It usually takes a long period of time to develop a specific immunoassay for a new NPS, limiting its immediate use to meet the market need. A handhold Raman analyzer has been rolled out, but it is expensive and limited to the analysis of high-purity samples. [7] Although metal and carbon based nanomaterials have been well applied for sensing of various analytes, [8] only few nanomaterials-based sensing systems have been used for screening of illicit drugs. [9] For example, an aptamer specific to cocaine was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for colorimetric screening of cocaine. [9a] Citrate-capped Au NPs conjugated with melamine were used for the detection of clonazepam through hydrogen bonding. Aptamer-modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were employed for fluorescent sensing of cocaine through fluorescence resonance energy transfer. DNA (sequence: 5′-TGGGGATGGAGAACT) templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-Ag NCs) represent another case of using fluorescent probes for the detection of ketamine, Rapid and accurate screening techniques are demanded for illicit drugs that have raised international tensions. Bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au NCs), carbon dots (C dots), thiosalicylic acid-stabilized silver nanoclusters (TA-Ag NCs), and Marquis reagent as photoluminescent sensing probes for five common illicit drugs are demonstrated in this study. Cocaine, 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC), and ketamine induce different degrees of photoluminescence changes of BSA-Au NCs, C dots, and TA-Ag NCs. Detection of heroin and methamphetamine (MA) is based on their formation of fluorescence polymer particles with Marquis reagent. To provide a unique pattern for each analyte, 2 × 4 sensor arrays are prepared. A deep lear...

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Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method using “dilute-and-shoot” analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5–1000 ng mL−1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5–800 ng mL−1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5–600 ng mL−1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine–codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.

23exerts a greater bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on certain strains of gram negative ba-ciIli than do other sulfonamides.2. Clinical trial in 20 patients with urinary infections indicated excellent effectiveness of the drug in uncompkated, monovaknt infec-3. Results of treatment in polyvalent infec-tions and in cases with complicating pathology were poor. 4. The marked lack of toxicity of Nu 445 remmmends its use in appropriate cases, in mhi,& it will occa&)nally be found to be more effective than other sulfo,mmides. Received March 17, 1949. tiom due to I?. coli or B. proteus. ___ _-P.S.E.B.M., 1949, 71. h e s h , Maryland. 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS) and many of its derivatives have been used with a measure of success in the treatment of experimental tuberculosis.172 More recently the potentiating action of some sulfone derivatives on streptolmycin has also been shown? Of the various types of sulfone derivatives indirect evidence has indicated that certain disubstituted derivatives like promin, diasone and possibly sulphetrone are metabolized tu the toxic parent substance DDS while the monosubstituted alkyl and hydmxyalkyl derivatives do not appear to undergo such transformation in the body to an appreciable extent.4 Indirect evidence has also indicated that DDS itself does not change to any significant degree in the body, at least in so far as acetylation is concerned.lq5 Obviously, direct evidence on these points can only be * Laboratory of Tropiaal Diseases, Microbiological Institute. had by the actual isolation of DDS from the urine. The present report describes a satisfactoiry method fob the isolation and recovery of DDS added to rabbit urine and the isolatiton and the identification as DDS of about 70% of the total diazlotizable material in the urine of rabbits given DDS orally.Procedure. The isolation of DDS from rabbit urine is based on the solubility of its hydrochloride in water and the relative insolubility of the base in water, but its ready sohbility in ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate appears to be the most satisfactory of several waterimmiscible solvents tried.The urine is made strongly alkaline to litmus with NaOiH and chilled on ice for a while to aid precipitation of the base. It is then shaken out thoroughly 2 to 3 times in a separatory funnel with 30 to 50 cc of ethyl acetate, allowing as complete separation as possible each time. The partly emulsified combined ethyl acetate axtract is cleared by the gradual addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate with stirring. The clear ethyl acetate solution is decanted and the Na2SOa residue is washed 2 to 3 times with small portions of ethyl acetate.The combined ethyl acetate extracts are washed once with about 5 cc H20 and then thoroughly extracted with 5 cc portions of N HC1. This should be repeated 5 to 7 times.The combined acid extract is chilled on ice at Harvard Libraries on June 27, 2015 ebm.sagepub.com Downloaded from

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