Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single crystal growth by double crucible Czochralski method using automatic powder supply system

Kitamura, Kenji; Yamamoto, Joyce K.; Iyi, Nobuo; Kirnura, S.; Hayashi, T.

doi:10.1016/0022-0248(92)90640-5

Cited by 231 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

121

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As was shown by Malovichko et al, 23,24 these crystals are nearly potassium free and their composition is close to stoichiometric. To obtain pure stoichiometric crystals, Kitamura et al 13 also used an alkali additive, i.e., Li by applying the continuous filling double crucible method, thereby again preparing bulk crystals in the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 binary system from extremely Li-rich melt (58% Li 2 O) similarly to the early attempts of Peterson 1 and Carruthers et al 2 Later, by using starting melts with K 2 O added in concentrations from 10 to 16 mol. %, Polg ar et al 14 showed that the high temperature top-seeded solution growth technique was an effective method for growing stoichiometric LiNbO 3 single crystals.…”

Section: Growth Of Stoichiometric Linbo 3 a Early Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For producing stoichiometric samples, new techniques, including the preparation of stoichiometric wafers or fibers from cLN crystals by the vapor transport equilibration (VTE) method 11,12 as well as various solution growth techniques, have been applied. As the demand for pure and doped bulk stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals kept increasing, efforts became concentrated on the development of crystal growth techniques, such as the continuous filling double crucible growth 13 and the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG). 14 Technological advances in the growth of large stoichiometric crystals led to a breakthrough in defect engineering of pure and ODR-ion doped sLN crystals promoting, e.g., the development of quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion applications using periodically poled LN (PPLN) crystals 15 and also the advent of new devices for the generation of high energy THz pulses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

show abstract

Section: Growth Of Stoichiometric Linbo 3 a Early Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most common LN crystals grown by Czochralski technique have congruent composition (CLN) with a deviation from the stoichiometry ([Li]/[Nb] ¼ 0.942), 16,17 which leads to the presence of such defects as niobium antisites (Nb Li ) 4þ and lithium vacancies (V Li ) À . 17 The defects have an adverse effect on the crystal properties.…”

Section: B Properties Of Stoichiometric Lithium Niobatementioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of dendrite domain structures in stoichiometric lithium niobate at elevated temperatures

Shur

Chezganov

Nebogatikov

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Light-induced superlow electric field for domain reversal in near-stoichiometric magnesium-doped lithium niobate J. Appl. Phys. 107, 063514 (2010) Formation of the dendrite-type self-organized domain structures during polarization reversal at elevated temperatures (above 230 C) has been revealed and studied in stoichiometric lithium niobate LiNbO 3 single crystals. Optical, confocal Raman, scanning electron, and piezoelectric force microscopy have been used for domain visualization. It has been shown experimentally that formation of the dendrite-like structures has been attributed to correlated nucleation caused by a field distribution in the vicinity of the charged domain walls. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics.

show abstract

“…in the crystals. The other methods to suppress the intrinsic defects are through direct growth of LN in near-stoichiometric composition by high temperature solution growth technique [9,[30][31][32][33] or by converting a CLN wafer to near-stoichiometric form by the vapor transport equilibration (VTE) technique in a Li-rich ambience [34][35][36][37]. Although initially much of the attention was paid to growing CLN crystals from Li-deficient congruent melts, during the last two decades significant innovations in growth techniques have directed the research and development towards the growth of homogeneous near-stoichiometric LN (SLN) crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A single crystal of lithium niobate is an important optoelectronic material. It can be grown from direct melt only in a lithium deficient non-stoichiometric form as its stoichiometric composition exhibits incongruent melting. As a result it contains a number of intrinsic point defects such as Li-vacancies, Nb antisites, oxygen vacancies, as well as different types of polarons and bipolarons. All these defects adversely influence its optical and ferroelectric properties and pose a deterrent to the effective use of this material. Hence, controlling the defects in lithium niobate has been an exciting topic of research and development over the years. In this article we discuss the different methods of controlling the intrinsic defects in lithium niobate and a comparison of the effect of these methods on the crystalline quality, stoichiometry, optical absorption in the UV-vis region, electronic band-gap, and refractive index.

show abstract

Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single crystal growth by double crucible Czochralski method using automatic powder supply system

Cited by 231 publications

References 15 publications

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Formation of dendrite domain structures in stoichiometric lithium niobate at elevated temperatures

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About