Steinernema glaseri Santa Rosa strain (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora CCA Strain (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) as biological control agents of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Vasconcelos, Viviane de Oliveira; Furlong, John; Freitas, Glaucia Marques de; Dolinski, Cláudia; Aguillera, Marineide M.; Rodrigues, Regina Celia Devitte; Prata, Márcia Cristina de Azevedo

doi:10.1007/s00436-004-1178-5

Cited by 37 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Because BAG neurons are sensory neurons that detect CO 2 [4], our results suggest that CO 2 is an essential host cue for attraction of H. bacteriophora to G. mellonella . Insect-parasitic nematodes have a broad host range: they can infect a diverse array of insects and even some non-insect arthropods [37–39]. Our results suggest that H. bacteriophora may achieve this broad host range by relying primarily on CO 2 for attraction to some hosts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A Sensory Code for Host Seeking in Parasitic Nematodes

et al. 2011

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Summary Nematodes comprise a large phylum of both free-living and parasitic species that show remarkably diverse lifestyles, ecological niches, and behavioral repertoires. Parasitic species in particular often display highly specialized host-seeking behaviors that reflect their specific host preferences. Many host-seeking behaviors can be triggered by the presence of host odors, yet little is known about either the specific olfactory cues that trigger these behaviors or the neural circuits that underlie them. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae are phylogenetically distant insect-parasitic nematodes whose host-seeking and host-invasion behavior resembles that of some of the most devastating human- and plant-parasitic nematodes. Here we compare the olfactory responses of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) to those of Caenorhabditis elegans dauers, which are analogous life stages [1]. We show that the broad host range of these parasites results from their ability to respond to the universally-produced signal carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as a wide array of odors, including host-specific odors that we identified using TD-GC-MS. We show that CO2 is attractive for the parasitic IJs and C. elegans dauers despite being repulsive for C. elegans adults [2–4], and we identify an ancient and conserved sensory neuron that mediates CO2 response in both parasitic and free-living species regardless of whether CO2 is an attractive or a repulsive cue. Finally, we show that the parasites’ odor response profiles are more similar to each other than to that of C. elegans despite their greater phylogenetic distance, likely reflecting evolutionary convergence to insect parasitism. Our results suggest that the olfactory responses of parasitic versus free-living nematodes are highly diverse and that this diversity is critical to the evolution of nematode behavior.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A Sensory Code for Host Seeking in Parasitic Nematodes

et al. 2011

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“…However, we note that the number of IJs to which hosts are exposed is positively correlated with both the number of nematodes entering the host and the number of resultant infections (68). Many EPNs are capable, at high doses, of infecting a wide variety of insect larvae and even some noninsect invertebrates (61,(69)(70)(71). Thus, it is likely that at least some of the potential hosts we tested that appeared resistant to EPN infection can serve as hosts if exposed to a high enough concentration of IJs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes

Dillman

Guillermin

Lee

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

161

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Many parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts in which to complete their lifecycles. Olfaction is thought to play an important role in the host-seeking process, with parasites following a chemical trail toward host-associated odors. However, little is known about the olfactory cues that attract parasitic nematodes to hosts or the behavioral responses these cues elicit. Moreover, what little is known focuses on easily obtainable laboratory hosts rather than on natural or other ecologically relevant hosts. Here we investigate the olfactory responses of six diverse species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to seven ecologically relevant potential invertebrate hosts, including one known natural host and other potential hosts collected from the environment. We show that EPNs respond differentially to the odor blends emitted by live potential hosts as well as to individual host-derived odorants. In addition, we show that EPNs use the universal host cue CO 2 as well as host-specific odorants for host location, but the relative importance of CO 2 versus host-specific odorants varies for different parasite-host combinations and for different host-seeking behaviors. We also identified host-derived odorants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found that many of these odorants stimulate host-seeking behaviors in a species-specific manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that parasitic nematodes have evolved specialized olfactory systems that likely contribute to appropriate host selection.entomopathogens | chemosensation | Heterorhabditis | Steinernema M any parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts using sensory cues (1). Host seeking is a complex behavior that involves chemosensory, thermosensory, hygrosensory, and mechanosensory cues (1-4). Olfaction is a critical component of host-seeking behavior: Many parasitic nematodes use CO 2 and other host volatiles for host location (1, 2, 5-8). However, little is known about how parasites respond to host-derived odors.Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are powerful models for the study of odor-driven host-seeking behavior. EPNs comprise a guild-a group of phylogenetically divergent species that exploit the same class of resources in a similar way (9)-that includes the genera Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, and Oscheius (10, 11). EPNs are parasites of insects that infect and kill insect larvae (10, 11). They offer a number of advantages as model systems, including small size, short generation time, and amenability to laboratory culturing and behavioral analysis (12, 13). In addition, they resemble skin-penetrating human-parasitic nematodes in that they actively seek out hosts using olfactory cues (2,7,(13)(14)(15)(16). EPNs also are of interest as biocontrol agents for insect pests and disease vectors and currently are used throughout the world as environmentally safe alternatives to chemical insecticides. The three genera of EPNs are phylogenetically distant but have highly similar lifestyles as a result of convergent evolution to insect parasitism (17).EPN...

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“…We speculate that the EPNs could be applied as a strategy of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in controlling adult cattle engorged ticks in the host animal interfering with the biological parameters of the nonparasite phase of engorged females as discussed by Vasconcelos et al (2004), Freitas-Rivero et al (2005) and Reis-Menini et al (2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ticks are controlled commonly with chemical acaricides; however, ticks have developed resistance to most of these products (George et al, 2004). The EPNs, their infectivity to and susceptibility of female ticks have been previously reported in Israel (Samish and Glazer, 1992), Brazil (de Oliveira- Vasconcelos et al, 2004) and México, recently (Molina-Ochoa et al, 2009;Rosales-Gutiérrez, 2015). In an effort to obtain alternative controls for cattle ticks, we surveyed grasslands in Tecomán, Colima, Mexico, and a heterorhabditd isolate was recovered, and it was bioassayed against adult engorged ticks under laboratory conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%