Steady-State X-Ray Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Canonical Optical Fibers

Michele, Vincenzo De; Morana, Adriana; Campanella, Cosimo; Vidalot, Jeoffray; Alessi, A.; Boukenter, Aziz; Cannas, Marco; Paillet, Philippe; Ouerdane, Y.; Girard, Sylvain

doi:10.1109/tns.2020.2969717

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Ge-STHs and GeY defects are still not sufficient to fully reproduce the measured RIA spectra, at least another source of optical losses around 0.9 eV has to be identified for continuous irradiation [ 21 ]. This is also true for pulsed irradiation, even if in this case, a recent study pointed out the STH role on the steady state and transient response of germanosilicate fibers [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Extreme Radiation Sensitivity of Ultra-Low Loss Pure-Silica-Core Optical Fibers at Low Dose Levels and Infrared Wavelengths

Morana

Campanella

Vidalot

et al. 2020

Sensors

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We report here the response of a commercial ultra-low loss (ULL) single-mode (SM) pure silica core (PSC) fiber, the Vascade EX1000 fiber from Corning, associated with 0.16 dB/km losses at 1.55 µm to 40 keV X-rays at room temperature. Today, among all fiber types, the PSC or F-doped ones have been demonstrated to be the most tolerant to the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) phenomenon and are usually used to design radiation-hardened data links or fiber-based point or distributed sensors. The here investigated ULL-PSC showed, instead, surprisingly high RIA levels of ~3000 dB/km at 1310 nm and ~2000 dB/km at 1550 nm at a limited dose of 2 kGy(SiO2), exceeding the RIA measured in the P-doped SM fibers used for dosimetry for doses of ~500 Gy. Moreover, its RIA increased as a function of the dose with a saturation tendency at larger doses and quickly recovered after irradiation. Our study on the silica structure suggests that the very specific manufacturing process of the ULL-PSC fibers applied to reduce their intrinsic attenuation makes them highly vulnerable to radiations even at low doses. From the application point of view, this fiber cannot be used for data transfer or sensing in harsh environments, except as a very efficient radiation detector or beam monitor.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Extreme Radiation Sensitivity of Ultra-Low Loss Pure-Silica-Core Optical Fibers at Low Dose Levels and Infrared Wavelengths

Morana

Campanella

Vidalot

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…The PSC and Ge-doped fibers represent the most radiation tolerant fibers 14 for the environments associated with steady state ionizing irradiation (such as those encountered in space and nuclear industry) while those containing Al or P present RIA levels largely higher and can only be used for radiation detection or dosimetry applications. 14,15 It is interesting to note that under transient irradiation (pulsed irradiation), such as the one associated with ignition experiments at LMJ or NIF, the PSC and Ge-doped fibers still present the best performances at longer times after the shots, as depicted in Fig. 1 of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to enhance our understanding of the basic mechanisms explaining the fiber radiation response, it is crucial to have a complete knowledge of all the fiber intrinsic parameters known to influence its radiation response, such as its core and cladding composition, the potential treatments applied on either the preform or the fiber. 4,5 This is why, instead of using commercial samples for such studies, it is preferable to use the so-called "canonical samples" 12,13,15 that are manufactured specifically for these studies, knowing all their details, while having similar radiation responses to the same type of commercial ones. Moreover, controlling the manufacturing parameters enables us to adapt the refractive index profile through fiber doping and highlight the influence of a co-dopant, such as fluorine in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, at earlier times, where most of the diagnostics have to operate, the RIA levels could be higher than in the P-doped optical fiber due to the generation of room temperature metastable defects with strong absorption levels. [14][15][16][17] To overcome the complexity to study the fibers' response at the shortest times, it is possible to lower the irradiation temperature (LNT in our experimental conditions), thereby slowing down the decay kinetics of these metastable defects. Decreasing the irradiation temperature allows studying the RT metastable defect contribution (impacting at time <1 ms at RT) even with a temporal resolution around hundreds of milliseconds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origins of radiation-induced attenuation in pure-silica-core and Ge-doped optical fibers under pulsed x-ray irradiation

Michele

Marcandella

Vidalot

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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We investigated the nature, optical properties, and decay kinetics of point defects causing large transient attenuation increase observed in silica-based optical fibers exposed to short duration and high-dose rate x-ray pulses. The transient radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) spectra of pure-silica-core (PSC), Ge-doped, F-doped, and Ge + F-doped optical fibers (OFs) were acquired after the ionizing pulse in the spectral range of [∼0.8-∼3.2] eV (∼1500-∼380 nm), from a few ms to several minutes after the pulse, at both room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). Comparing the fiber behavior at both temperatures better highlights the thermally unstable point defects contribution to the RIA. The transient RIA origin and decay kinetics are discussed on the basis of already-known defects absorbing in the investigated spectral range. These measurements reveal the importance of intrinsic metastable defects such as self-trapped holes (STHs), not only for PSC and F-doped fibers but also for germanosilicate optical fibers as clearly evidenced by our LNT measurements. Furthermore, our results show that fluorine co-doping seems to decrease the RIA related to the strain-assisted STHs absorption bands in both types of optical fibers. Regarding Ge-doped glasses, besides a description of the defects responsible of the RIA, highlighting the STHs' role in their transient response, we provide a clear correlation between the GeX and GeY centers' kinetics. In conclusion, the presented results improve our understanding of the transient RIA origin in the ultraviolet and visible domains. The lack of knowledge about the defects causing the RIA in the near-infrared domain will require future studies.

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“…In this case, the relative contribution provided by the STH2 increases in comparison to the high-OH case. The greater contribution of the STHrelated bands could also justify the non-monotonic behavior observed in the RIA kinetics shown in Figure 3b, considering their strained assisted variants (s-a STHs) [14,35,40]. Indeed, it is possible to notice that the medium-OH RIA has a broader band covering also energies lower than 1.5 eV compared to the one of the same sample at 300 kGy (Figure 5b), in agreement with the s-a STH1 and s-a STH2 spectral characteristics, centered respectively at 1.88 eV (660 nm) and 1.63 eV (760 nm).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Radiation Effects on Pure-Silica Multimode Optical Fibers in the Visible and Near-Infrared Domains: Influence of OH Groups

et al. 2021

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Signal transmission over optical fibers in the ultraviolet to near-infrared domains remains very challenging due to their high intrinsic losses. In radiation-rich environments, this is made even more difficult due to the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) phenomenon. We investigated here how the number of hydroxyl groups (OH) present in multi-mode (MM) pure-silica core (PSC) optical fibers influences the RIA levels and kinetics. For this, we tested three different fiber samples: one “wet”, one “dry” and one with an intermediate “medium” OH content. The RIA of the three samples was measured in the 400–900 nm (~3 eV to ~1.4 eV) spectral range during and after an X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 6 Gy(SiO2) s−1 up to a total accumulated dose of 300 kGy(SiO2). Furthermore, we evaluated the H2-pre-loading efficiency in the medium OH sample to permanently improve both its intrinsic losses and radiation response in the visible domain. Finally, the spectral decomposition of the various RIA responses allows us to better understand the basic mechanisms related to the point defects causing the excess of optical losses. Particularly, it reveals the relationship between the initial OH groups content and the generation of non-bridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHCs). Moreover, the presence of hydroxyl groups also affects the contribution from other intrinsic defects such as the self-trapped holes (STHs) to the RIA in this spectral domain.

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Steady-State X-Ray Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Canonical Optical Fibers

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Extreme Radiation Sensitivity of Ultra-Low Loss Pure-Silica-Core Optical Fibers at Low Dose Levels and Infrared Wavelengths

Extreme Radiation Sensitivity of Ultra-Low Loss Pure-Silica-Core Optical Fibers at Low Dose Levels and Infrared Wavelengths

Origins of radiation-induced attenuation in pure-silica-core and Ge-doped optical fibers under pulsed x-ray irradiation

Radiation Effects on Pure-Silica Multimode Optical Fibers in the Visible and Near-Infrared Domains: Influence of OH Groups

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