Statistics of Electron Multiplication

Lombard, Francis J.; Martin, F. A.

doi:10.1063/1.1717310

Cited by 123 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The authors remarked that their results were inconsistent with observed data, thus rejecting the hypothesis of the Poisson distribution P being a good descriptor for the PMT electron multiplication process. In spite of this conclusion, other authors [7][8][9] consistently reported measurements which did agree with the calculations by Lombard et al [6] and attribute the discrepant results of other work to noise in their experimental set-up [9]. Using an exponential distribution to describe the electron multiplication at the dynodes, Prescott et al [10] obtained good agreement between calculated and measured spectra for some specific types of PMT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Nevertheless, Breitenberger [5] reported that the electron multiplication variance measured using activated BaO + SrO dynodes is in fact larger than calculated when assuming a Poissonian secondary emission process Pðn; gÞ. Based on the same assumption, Lombard et al [6] derived the pulse height spectrum for cascades starting with single photoelectrons. The authors remarked that their results were inconsistent with observed data, thus rejecting the hypothesis of the Poisson distribution P being a good descriptor for the PMT electron multiplication process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Calibration of photomultiplier arrays

Neves¹,

Chepel²,

Akimov³

et al. 2010

Astroparticle Physics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Calibration of photomultiplier arrays

Neves¹,

Chepel²,

Akimov³

et al. 2010

Astroparticle Physics

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“…7). The pulse height distribution of SER in PMT in the absence of external noise sources is mainly determined by multiplication statistics of the first dynode that is well described by Poisson distribution [16]. Poisson distribution with the average value of 7 to 9 is very close to that of Gaussian.…”

Section: Experimental Set-up and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of photo-multiplier tubes for the Cryogenic Avalanche Detector

et al. 2015

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New Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) with ultimate sensitivity, that will be able to detect one primary electron released in the cryogenic liquid, is under development in the Laboratory of Cosmology and Particle Physics of the Novosibirsk State University jointly with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. The CRAD will use two sets of cryogenic PMTs in order to get trigger signal either from primary scintillations in liquid Ar or from secondary scintillations in high field gap above the liquid. Two types of cryogenic PMTs produced by Hamamatsu Photonics were tested and the results are presented in this paper. Low background 3 inch PMT R11065-10 demonstrated excellent performance according to its specifications provided by the producer. The gain measured with single electron response (SER) in liquid Ar reached 10 7 , dark count rate rate did not exceed 300 Hz and pulse height resolution of single electron signals was close to 50%(FWHM). However, two R11065-10 PMTs out of 7 tested stopped functioning after several tens minutes of operation immersed completely into liquid Ar. The remaining 5 devices and one R11065-MOD were operated successfully for several hours each with all the parameters according to the producer specifications. Compact 2 inch PMT R6041-506-MOD with metal-channel dynode structure is a candidate for side wall PMT system that will look at electroluminescence in high field region above liquid. Four of these PMTs were tested in liquid Ar and demonstrated gain up to 2x10 7 , dark count rate rate below 100 Hz and pulse height resolution of single electron signals of about 110% (FWHM).

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“…The probability distribution of the gain pu (M), along with its mean and variance, can be found in a variety of sources [45]- [48]. The excess noise factor is also well known 'Equation ( 2 ) in [45] should read…”

Section: Counting Statistics For the Single-carrier Superlattice mentioning

confidence: 99%

Counting distributions and error probabilities for optical receivers incorporating superlattice avalanche photodiodes

Teich

Matsuo²,

Saleh

1986

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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Abstract-Exact gain distributions and electron counting distributions are presented for superlattice avalanche photodiodes that operate by single-carrier transport perpendicular to the superlattice planes. The characteristic shapes of these distributions are compared with those of the single-carrier conventional avalanche photodiode and the photomultiplier tube. The electron counting distributions, which assume Poisson photocarrier injection, are used to calculate the error performance of a simple optical communication system. This performance is compared with that achievable by a single-carrier conventional APD receiver of identical quantum efficiency and gain. For simplicity of calculation, the system consists of a transmitter emitting light pulses containing a Poisson number sf photons and a maximum-likelihood integrate-and-dump receiver. It makes use of binary on-off keying and is subject to noise events arising from multiplied background radiation andlor multiplied dark noise. The performance of the superlattice photodiode receiver turns out to be always superior to that of the singlecarrier conventional photodiode receiver, for all values of the gain. The advantage can attain several orders of magnitude (even though the excess noise factors for the two devices lie within a factor of two). The superlattice receiver with high impact-ionization probability is shown to behave like an ideal photon counter with the same quantum efficiency, even if the device has many stages. The deleterious effects of receiver thermal noise on probability of error are examined.

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Statistics of Electron Multiplication

Cited by 123 publications

References 1 publication

Calibration of photomultiplier arrays

Calibration of photomultiplier arrays

Characterization of photo-multiplier tubes for the Cryogenic Avalanche Detector

Counting distributions and error probabilities for optical receivers incorporating superlattice avalanche photodiodes

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