Statistical investigation of extraction parameters of keratin from chicken feather using Design-Expert

Abstract

Uncontrolled disposal of feathers from the poultry industry and slaughterhouses is environmentally undesirable. The feathers are composed of approximately 90% of keratin which is an important ingredient of cosmetics, shampoos and hair treatment creams. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions for the extraction of keratin from chicken feathers. The extraction of keratin using various reducing agents was studied using statistical experimental design. In the extraction process, pH, temperature, ratio of reducing agents, mass of chicken feathers and incubation time were analyzed. The keratin in the total extracted protein was purified by size exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and further characterized using amino acids profile analysis. The surface morphology and chemical composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) yielded 84.5% of keratin as compared to sodium hydroxide (43.8), urea mixture (50.6), mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium bisulfite (18.3) and a mixture of Na 2 S and sodium hydroxide (41.5%) under optimized conditions. The optimum yield of keratin was achieved at 80.9°C in 9.5 h with 0.05 M sodium sulfide using response surface methodology (RSM). Among the five parameters screened, pH was found not to be significant because the p value was greater than 0.05.

Study of Different Treatment Methods on Chicken Feather Biomass

“…The weak band between 1300 cm -1 and 1220 cm -1 is associated with Amide III, which is derived from C-N stretching and N-H bending [32,33,34] and with some contribution from C=O bending and C-C stretching vibration [28,35,36]. The transmission band between 750 cm -1 and 600 cm -1 is related to N-H out-of-plane bending [29,37]. The transmission vibration around 1700 cm -1 is attributed to C=O group of fatty acid ester found in animal skins [38].…”

Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste: Fabrication of Keratin‐Chitosan Biofilms

“…For instance, Tonin, et al [17] . and Kamarudin, et al [18] . extracted keratin from chicken feathers using mixture of sodium bisulphate, sodium dodecyl sulphate and urea and obtained the maximum yields of 33 % and 18.3 % respectively.…”

“…[1c,2b,8b] Nowadays, different kinds of lixiviants were used by scientists. For instance, Tonin, et al [17] and Kamarudin, et al [18] extracted keratin from chicken feathers using mixture of sodium bisulphate, sodium dodecyl sulphate and urea and obtained the maximum yields of 33 % and 18.3 % respectively. Hence, the combination of NaOH and Na 2 S is an excellent alternative method for extracting keratin from the chicken feathers due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and economically and environmentally friendliness.…”

Valorisation of chicken feathers for xanthan gum production using Xanthomonas campestris MO-03

“…About 10% of total chicken weight is feathers. Feathers are consist of approximately 90% protein composed of keratin thus can be a potential source of proteins and amino acids [16], [17]. Considering these properties, feathers are cheap and available bioorganic waste to peptone production.…”