Statins and Cardiovascular Diseases: From Cholesterol Lowering to Pleiotropy

Zhou, Qian; Liao, James K.

doi:10.2174/138161209787315684

Cited by 247 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 183 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…11 In addition to lowering LDL levels, statins are also effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in people without cardiovascular disease (i.e., primary prevention) 12 and improving endothelial function. 13 Some studies also suggest using statins to treat dementia, but this usage is not well established. 14 Because statins are so widely prescribed, rehabilitation specialists need to be aware of the risk and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis, since they are in a position to recognize the onset of myopathic symptoms at an early stage.…”

Section: Ré Sumémentioning

confidence: 99%

Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review of Case Reports

Mendes¹,

Robles²,

Mathur

2014

Physiotherapy Canada

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Purpose: To identify case reports of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis and summarize common predisposing factors, symptoms, diagnostic findings, functional outcomes, characteristics, treatment, and rehabilitation. Method: MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and PEDro databases were searched for relevant case reports using the search terms ''Statins,'' ''Rhabdomyolysis,'' ''Myalgia,'' ''Muscle damage,'' ''Muscle injury,'' and ''Myopathy.'' Relevance (based on title and abstract) was assessed by one investigator; two investigators independently reviewed the relevant articles to determine inclusion in the review. Results: A total of 112 cases met the inclusion criteria. The majority were in men (70%) and people over 45 years of age (mean 64 [SD 14] years). Simvastatin was the most commonly reported statin (n ¼ 55); the majority of cases reported the use of concomitant medications such as fibrates (n ¼ 25). Weakness (n ¼ 65) and muscle pain (n ¼ 64) were the most common symptoms. In 19 cases, the patient was referred to rehabilitation, but the case reports do not include descriptions of the treatment. Conclusion: Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis was more commonly reported when statins were used in conjunction with other drugs, which potentiated its effect. Research is needed to identify the role of exercise and rehabilitation following statin-induced rhabdomyoloysis since muscle damage may be severe and may have long-term effects on muscle function.Key Words: HMG-CoA; muscular diseases; rhabdomyolysis; statins. RÉ SUMÉObjectif : Trouver des rapports de cas portant sur la rhabdomyolyse provoqué e par les statines et ré sumer les facteurs pré disposants communs, les symptô mes, les ré sultats diagnostiques, les ré sultats fonctionnels, les caracté ristiques, le traitement et la ré adaptation. Mé thodes : On a cherché dans les bases de donné es MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS et PEDro (1990PEDro ( -2013 des rapports de cas pertinents en utilisant les termes de recherche Statins, Rhabdomyolysis, Myalgia, Muscle damage, Muscle injury et Myopathy. Un chercheur en a é valué la pertinence (en fonction du titre et du ré sumé ) et deux autres ont revu indé pendamment les articles pertinents pour dé terminer s'il fallait les inclure dans la recherche. Ré sultats : Au total, 112 cas ré pondaient aux critè res d'inclusion. La majorité des cas portaient sur des hommes (70 %) et les plus de 45 ans (â ge moyen de 64 [ET 14] ans). La simvastatine a é té la statine incriminé e le plus souvent dans les rapports (n ¼ 55), la majorité des cas signalant l'utilisation simultané e de mé dicaments comme des fibrates (n ¼ 25). La faiblesse (n ¼ 65) et les douleurs musculaires (n ¼ 64) é taient les symptô mes les plus courants. Dans 19 cas, le patient a é té aiguillé vers la ré adaptation, mais les rapports ne dé crivent pas le traitement. Conclusion : On a signalé une rhabdomyolyse causé e par les statines plus souvent lorsqu'elles é taient conjugué es à d'autres mé dicaments, ce qui en a accentué l'effet. Des recherches s'imposent pour dé terminer le rô le ...

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Section: Ré Sumémentioning

confidence: 99%

Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review of Case Reports

Mendes¹,

Robles²,

Mathur

2014

Physiotherapy Canada

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“…atorvastatin and simvastatin are more likely to enter hepatic and non-hepatic cells through passive diffusion. This difference in tissue permeability and metabolism may account for some of the differential pleiotropic effects among the statins [143,144]. Not all statins cross the bloodbrain barrier (BBB).…”

Section: Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent compelling evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may be due not only to their cholesterol-lowering effects, but also to their cholesterol-independent or pleiotropic effects [140,142,143]. These cholesterol-independent effects include improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular and myocardial remodelling, inhibiting vascular inflammation and oxidation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques [144].…”

Section: Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Choroidal Vessel Wall: Hypercholesterolaemia-Induced Dysfunction and Potential Role of Statins

Sebastián¹,

Corral²,

Montañana³

et al. 2012

Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues - From Molecules to Humans

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“…In SVG, statins have shown to reduce vascular oxidative stress, improve NO bioavailability and reduce vascular inflammation, all critical components of SVG failure. [111] Subsequently, statins have systemic antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects and their administration may prevent acute SVG failure post CABG. [112] Aggressive lipid lowering therapy may be beneficial for long-term patency of grafts.…”

Section: Medical Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%