State of the art of bone biomaterials and their interactions with stem cells: Current state and future directions

Abstract

Background: There has been a rapid increase in bone tissue regeneration since the concept of "tissue engineering." Stem cell-based biomaterials have revolutionized the field of tissue regeneration. Biomaterials play an essential part in bone regeneration through their crucial substratum for cell differentiation, cohesion, and proliferation by manipulating cells. Numerous studies have been carried out in order to create a biomaterial with diverse biological and physical characteristics. Furthermore, they developed a cell microenvironment with the desired pore magnitude to stimulate stem cells to transform them from artificial to biological microenvironments. Purpose and scope:The current review aims to give a comprehensive overview of stem cells and biomaterials in bone tissue regeneration.Summary: Initially, bone biology and its interaction with stem cells and biomaterials are briefly explained. Following that, the behavior and mechanism of biomaterials influencing the stem cells during bone tissue regeneration are emphasized. Lastly, the future outlook for tackling the current challenges for designing biomaterials/stem cell materials for bone tissue engineering (TE) is discussed. Conclusion:Compatible biomaterial for bone regeneration requires evaluating the structure, matrix, composition, flexibility, and nature of native bone tissue defects. The concept of TE offers a platform for designing biologically, physically, and chemically biocompatible biomaterials for stem cells to proliferate and differentiate. Currently, stem cells are increasingly used for TE with a promising outcome due to their selfrenewal and differentiation potential. Furthermore, they can secrete biological-active compounds and modulate the fate and behavior of other cells in native tissues. Bone TE may flourish more rapidly and efficiently using stem cells.

Biomineralization-inspired mineralized hydrogel promotes the repair and regeneration of dentin/bone hard tissue

“…Maxillofacial tissue engineering based on structural and functional reconstruction is beneficial to the physiological repair of maxillofacial trauma. By simulating the biological tissue structure, a personalized tissue engineering repair module has been constructed to realize the functional repair and regeneration of the defect area, such as the repair of the mandibular defect, construction of bioengineered teeth, and regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex 5,6 . Ideally, for areas with insufficient blood supply or complex defects, an osteoinductive scaffold can be built using functional filling materials by preventing the filling of the dead space, mediating the immune activity and stem-cell homing and differentiation, and promoting the regeneration of restorative bone or dentin structure to achieve functional preservation or restoration 7 .…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells–Hydrogel Microspheres System for Bone Regeneration in Calvarial Defects

“…However, in some cases, this ability to repair itself fails. For example, large bone defects, caused by tumors or trauma, cannot be healed by bone tissue itself [1,2]. The reason is that the hollow structure of large bone defects cannot provide a medium of sufficient mechanical strength to support bone tissue repair.…”