Start-up patterns of internationalization: A framework and its application in the context of knowledge-intensive SMEs

Beyond categorization: New directions for theory development about entrepreneurial internationalization

“…Consistent with the notion from entrepreneurship that the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities can be disruptive (Schumpeter, 1943), Mathews and Zander view the recognition and exploitation of international opportunities as ''disequilibrium-oriented'' (Mathews & Zander 2007: 392). Destabilization is also likely to be relevant at the firm level: internationalization is often sporadic (Kuivalainen et al, 2012a) and there is a high rate of foreign market exit (Bernard & Jensen, 2004). A firm's resources and capabilities may be insufficient to overcome the discontinuity associated with foreign market opportunities, and to deal with the concomitant unexpected risks and costs (Crick, 2004;Mathews & Zander, 2007).…”

The entrepreneurial marketing management and commercialization arrangements of born-global bio-enterprises: the case of UK companies

“…The literature (see for example Freeman et al, 2013;Simba, 2013;Kuivalainen et al, 2012;Knight and Cavusgil, 2004;Powell, et al, 1996;Oviatt and McDougall, 1994) universally acknowledged that by tapping into established networks and business-like relationships, born global firms have an opportunity to leapfrog beyond their limitations and access cutting edge resources and market opportunities internationally. Synthesising the debate on born globals, it appears that these entrepreneurial companies adopt sophisticated marketing and commercialisation strategies which have thus far, been difficult to contain in simple traditional marketing models.…”

As capacidades dinâmicas para a inovação e os padrões de internacionalização de empresas de base tecnológica: um estudo de casos múltiplos com PMEs brasileiras

“…However, as there are other sequential forms of exporting without necessarily obey this linearity, the innovation-related models have a limited explanatory power (Andersen, 1993). There are different types of international starters with different background, knowledge about international operations and sources of information that aim other exporting patterns apart of the evolutionary pattern (Kuivalainen et al, 2012;Kuivalainen et al, 2007;Mas et al, 2006). Besides considering internal decisions and changes in the organizational structure, managers have to consider the organizational context, as there are variables such as government incentives, the economic integration, the possibility of participating in international networks and the request of the company's products and services by unknown foreign customers that influence the internationalization process (Crick & Chaudhry, 1997).…”

“…The strategies are, consequently, the result of the internationalization path, the entry form and the market scope. Kuivalainen et al (2012), Kuivalainen et al (2007), Oviatt and McDougall (1994) and Tuppura et al (2008).…”

“…In order to comprehend better the born global firm's concept, independently of their international operation modes, the analysis of the foreign sales ratio encompasses firms that differ in terms of internationalization degree and market scope, which does not consider necessarily the psychic distance (Kuivalainen, Saarenketo, & Puumalainen, 2012;Kuivalainen, Sundqvist, & Servais, 2007). Additionally, firms aiming the regional internationalization are labelled as international new ventures (INVs); on the other hand, firms aiming the global internationalization are called as born global firms (Crick, 2009).…”