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Women entrepreneurship research in the developing world relies on theoretical perspectives derived elsewhere. Hence, understanding the original business-development approaches adopted by women entrepreneurs in developing economies remains elusive. Accordingly, we collected and analyzed rich data generated through 31 in-depth interviews and artifacts of Nigerian women entrepreneurs in the garment manufacturing business. Our analysis revealed distinct constructs that account for their business-development activities. It shows money (access and utilization), market (customer intelligence), and management (nonformal education and experience) as crucial enterprise development components in women entrepreneurship. Motherhood (household responsibilities), meso-and macro-environments (socioeconomic and cultural factors) not only affected business development but also inhibited women entrepreneurs' access and utilization of money, management, and markets and shaped their business development actions. Theoretical and practical implications for entrepreneurship research and policy development initiatives in the developing world are offered. KEYWORDS Gender-based growth model; growth determinants; women entrepreneurshipWomen entrepreneurs in West Africa generally operate their businesses within an institutional environment characterized by corruption, lack of government transparency, incoherent policies, bureaucracy and inefficiency, excessive red tape, disproportionate taxes, and poor infrastructures (Dana, 2018; Ogundana, Forthcoming). The legal and judicial systems in many West African countries suffer from the (a) absence of law and criminal sanctions explicitly addressing sexual harassment in business; (b) lack of legislation that ensures that married women and men have equal property ownership rights; and (c) presence of laws requiring married women to obey their husbands (World Bank, 2013). African culture, religion, and family systems generally assume that women are subordinate to men. Accordingly, women carry the CONTACT Oyedele Martins Ogundana

PurposeThrough utilizing social capital as an overarching concept, the purpose of this article is to investigate cross-country rates of business formation in the formal vs informal sectors. Plus, empirically assess the impact of social capital constructs on the national rates of entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachAdopting a regression-oriented methodology, partial least squares (PLS), the study used a sample comprising 50 nations. National rates of registered and nonregistered business creation were utilized as endogenous variables. To determine the indigenous variables, constructs of social capital were measured which is consistent with the World Value Survey (WWS).FindingsThe results of this study show that in the formal and the informal sectors, social networking enables business creation with varying levels of impact. It establishes that institutional trust has a negative effect on informal business creation and a positive effect on business registration; interpersonal trust drives entrepreneurship in the informal sector but has less impact on business registration; norms of trustworthiness are related to business registration than informal business creation.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research have theoretical and practical implications. They stimulate academic debate on the application of social capital constructs at the national level. The indications that social capital promotes business formation in both the informal and formal sectors can influence entrepreneurship policy development in many countries.Originality/valueThe originality of the results of this study lies in how it conceptualizes social capital as having direct impact on business creation in the informal vs formal sector. Thus, the findings elevated the conceptualization of social capital to the national level thereby enhancing knowledge on the entrepreneurship process as well as developmental economics.

This conceptual paper focuses on bricolage and it pays particular attention on the context of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in resource-constrained environments – a common feature of most emerging economies. Knowledge about the underlying factors that determine bricolage as a common practice among MSEs operating in emerging economies is yet to advance and develop within the mainstream entrepreneurship literature. Much of this scholarship tends to focus on multi-national enterprises (MNEs) in advanced economies and it discusses bricolage as their strategic choice. Such an approach has led to a lack of meaningful theoretical paradigms for defining the business approaches MSEs adopt as a way of mitigating their perennial operational issues inherent in their environment. Thus, in this conceptual paper, which adopts a scoping review approach, we study the constructs of bricolage particularly their application in MSEs operating in emerging economies. From our analysis a fresh deterministic model mapping out the causal factors that give rise to bricolage behaviour in MSEs that operate in difficult conditions emerged. Thus, we contribute to entrepreneurial behaviour theories by identifying distinctive business methods MSEs adopt to withstand operational difficulties inherent in their environments.

Consistent with recent studies, we emphasize that entrepreneurial leadership benefits from mutual cross-fertilization between entrepreneurship and leadership, making it an effective mechanism for studying micro small and medium enterprise (MSME) management and development. Since it is an emerging concept and existing knowledge on MSME management and development so scattered, our comprehensive entrepreneurship and leadership literature review provided us in-depth insights and new perspectives. From our analysis, a framework emerged mapping a new path for MSMEs. The model presents a nuanced leadership paradigm for small businesses. Thus, by presenting a mechanism that offers new methods aimed at managing and developing MSMEs, we extend existing leadership theories.