Standards for digital photography in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery – Part I: Basic views and guidelines

Ettorre, Giovanni Carlo; Weber, Martina; Schaaf, Helmut; Lowry, John; Mommaerts, Maurice Y.; Howaldt, Hans‐Peter

doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2005.11.002

Cited by 130 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Direct measurements and two-dimensional photography are state of the art for craniofacial anthropometry, 9 although their limitations are well-known. 1,10 The interest in overcoming the limitations of these techniques led to the development of numerous 3D scanning devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system

Lübbers

Medinger

Kruse

et al. 2012

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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PurposeIn the modern anthropometry of complex structures, such as the face, different technical approaches for three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition have become increasingly more common. Results of meticulous evaluations have demonstrated a high level of precision and accuracy under both ideal and clinical circumstances.However, the question remains regarding which level of accuracy is adequate to meet clinical needs. Aside from the measuring technique itself, potential sources of error need to be identified and addressed. Involuntary facial movements in the subjects potentially influence clinical reliability. Materials and Methods The 3dMDfaceTM system was used in a clinical setting to investigate the influence of involuntary facial movements. Other factors of influence were systematically excluded. The mean technical error of the system (0.09 mm) was investigated in a previous study and taken into account for interpretation of the data. ResultsThe handling of the system was unproblematic for both data acquisition and data analysis. Including technical error and the influence of involuntary facial movements, the mean global error was 0.41 mm, with a range from 0.00 mm to 3.30 mm. Taking into account the technical error of the system known from the previous study, involuntary facial movements account for a mean error of 0.32 mm. ConclusionsThis range of involuntary facial movements clearly exceeds the known technical error of the utilized 3D photographic system. Given this finding, future 2 research should shift its focus from the analysis of the technical aspects of such systems to other influencing factors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system

Lübbers

Medinger

Kruse

et al. 2012

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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“…All patients underwent digital photography. 8,29 with standard views (Full face front, Oblique, and Profile; Submental vertical and oblique views and supracranial view). The photographs were taken at admission and 48 hrs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Corticosteroids in Reduction of Post-Operative Oedema in Craniofaciomaxillary Surgery

Malhari¹,

Sharma²,

Rattan³

2016

jemds

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Postoperative oedema and ecchymosis are common complaints following facial plastic surgical procedures. The resulting oedema and ecchymosis is socially disturbing and sometimes frightening for the patient. Serious consequences of oedema include airway obstruction, conjunctival chemosis with possible transient loss of vision and pain. Perioperative administration of steroids has been used in Craniofaciomaxillary procedures with a belief that it reduces postoperative swelling and shortens time to recovery after surgery. Various perioperative regimens of systemic corticosteroid administration have been reported to result in a significant reduction in postoperative facial oedema following cranioplasty, orbital floor exploration, mandibular and maxillary osteotomy, facial plasty, hair transplant and rhinoplasty. A number of experimental animal studies have demonstrated decreased oedema in flap models or replants. However, several clinical studies evaluating the use of steroids perioperatively in a variety of orthognathic and facial surgical procedures have failed to provide concrete evidence for or against steroid usage. Proponents of steroid use (Nordstrom et al, Flood et al and Gurlek et al) claim, it decreases postoperative oedema, decreases ecchymosis, improves surgical outcome, reduces home convalescence, decreases hospital stay and causes euphoria. Opponents of steroid use (Munro et al, Rapaport et al, and Owsley et al) claim lack of evidence, serious complications like inhibition of Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal axis, avascular necrosis of hip and humerus, alter blood sugar levels, increased risk of hypertension, increase in the incidence of wound infection and lack of cost effectiveness. A prospective double-blind study conducted to evaluate the role of Dexamethasone 8 mg intravenous administration and Triamcinolone 0.7 mg/kg administration at the end of procedure in reduction of postoperative facial oedema in Craniofaciomaxillary surgeries. Thirty-four consecutive patients were randomized to Dexamethasone, Triamcinolone administration and control group. Facial size was measured on POD1, POD2 and POD3. Facial oedema scores were derived from comparison of photographs on admission and 48 hrs. postoperatively. Findings were tabulated and statistically analysed. Following observations were noted. The duration of surgery and postoperative facial oedema did not correlate. We found that oedema was maximum in the periorbital region in all the three groups followed by oedema on forehead, malar and mandibular regions. We also observed that there was direct correlation between forehead and periorbital oedema. We observed that there was postoperative facial oedema on POD1, reached its peak on POD2 and then started declining within each group. The use of steroids either intravenous (8 mg Dexamethasone) or local infiltration (Triamcinolone 0.7 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce the postoperative facial oedema in our patient when compared to the control.

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“…2D imaging. 2D images were taken according to the protocol of Schaaf et al (2006) and Ettorre et al (2006), identifying focal points on the frontal and right lateral areas of the face. Both images were taken 3 times, with the head in a natural position, horizontal view and with the bipupilar plane parallel to the floor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Deformity in Subjects with Class III Facial Deformities

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY: Dentofacial deformities present some shades and variations that determine the inclusion of different anatomical components as part of the disease; the aim of this study was to ascertain the nasal characteristics in patients with a Class III dentofacial deformity. A descriptive study was conducted on 20 patients diagnosed with a Class III facial deformity and a surgical indication; frontal and lateral as well as CT images were taken to analyze variables of nasal morphology and deformities associated with the nasal bridge, tip and septum. The results showed that the nasal angles are outside normal parameters and that the basal width of the nose is approximately 3 mm smaller than the intercanthal width; 45% of the subjects have lateral deviations, 50% bridge deformity and 80% septum deviation. It is concluded that there are nasal deformities in subjects with a Class III facial deformity and that this component must be carefully evaluated in the preoperative stage.

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Standards for digital photography in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery – Part I: Basic views and guidelines

Cited by 130 publications

References 13 publications

The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system

The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system

Role of Corticosteroids in Reduction of Post-Operative Oedema in Craniofaciomaxillary Surgery

Nasal Deformity in Subjects with Class III Facial Deformities

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