Standards and Methodologies for Characterizing Radiobiological Impact of High-Z Nanoparticles

Abstract

Research on the application of high-Z nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment and diagnosis has recently been the subject of growing interest, with much promise being shown with regards to a potential transition into clinical practice. In spite of numerous publications related to the development and application of nanoparticles for use with ionizing radiation, the literature is lacking coherent and systematic experimental approaches to fully evaluate the radiobiological effectiveness of NPs, validate mechanistic models and allow direct comparison of the studies undertaken by various research groups. The lack of standards and established methodology is commonly recognised as a major obstacle for the transition of innovative research ideas into clinical practice. This review provides a comprehensive overview of radiobiological techniques and quantification methods used in in vitro studies on high-Z nanoparticles and aims to provide recommendations for future standardization for NP-mediated radiation research.

The adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol and carvedilol decrease bone sarcoma cell viability and sustained carvedilol reduces clonogenic survival and increases radiosensitivity in canine osteosarcoma cells

“…Plating efficiency was determined using the following equation: (Number of colonies counted/number of cells plated) × 100. The radiation enhancement ratio following a given dose of radiation (RER xGy ) was calculated as the ratio of survival fractions following radiation without drug (control) or with drug . RER 3Gy was selected given that previous studies have shown the initial slope of the survival curve correlates better to clinical outcomes compared to the final slope, and 3Gy is close to a conventional fraction size .…”

“…RER 3Gy was selected given that previous studies have shown the initial slope of the survival curve correlates better to clinical outcomes compared to the final slope, and 3Gy is close to a conventional fraction size . RER 6Gy and RAR 9Gy were selected as secondary measures, since the optimal dose in which to assess surviving fraction is not clear, and enhancement may be dependent on the dose selected . Survival curves and surviving fractions ± SE of the mean (SEM) were generated using commercially available software (GraphPad).…”

Synthetic nanoparticles for delivery of radioisotopes and radiosensitizers in cancer therapy

“…However, biological and chemical changes may also occur that subsequently increase the sensitivity of cells or tissues to radiation. The actual biological effects may come from both perspectives (Subiel et al 2016). …”

Pinhole X-ray fluorescence imaging of gadolinium and gold nanoparticles using polychromatic X-rays: a Monte Carlo study

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The mechanisms of the radiation sensitization effect and methodologies for characterizing such effects have also been investigated. [22][23][24] The low-energy electrons emitted from AuNPs locally deposit their energies in close proximity, which results in physical radiation dose enhancement effect. [22][23][24][25] In addition, the effects of…”

“…[22][23][24] The low-energy electrons emitted from AuNPs locally deposit their energies in close proximity, which results in physical radiation dose enhancement effect. [22][23][24][25] In addition, the effects of…”