Stance phase knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics during level and downhill running

Mechanical Power and Muscle Action during Forward and Backward Running

“…T h e shape of the FR power curves for each subject compares favorably with previous reports (3,13). During stance, primarily two distinct phases occurred (Figure 2).…”

Kinetic Characteristics of Distance Running on Downhill Slope

“…However, only a few investigations have been done on kinetic difference between the downhill and level runnings (Dick & Cavanagh, 1987;Buczek & Cavanagh, 1990), and they used only a single grade of downhill slope and a single running velocity. Since various grades of slope and running velocities are used in distance running training on the downhill, we analyzed kinetics of downhill running of several grades and running velocities on overground to obtain basic information of hill training on downhill slope.…”

“…Therefore, smaller plantar fl exors' torque in the downhill conditions helped the shank lean forward before the toe-off than the case of LV (Figure 3). Buczek & Cavanagh (1990) reported that the peak negative power of the knee in 8.3 % downhill running was not signifi cantly greater than level running, but this power tended to be larger than level running. Their result was similar to that of the present study.…”

“…Dick & Cavanagh (1987) measured the GRFs during level running and -8.3 % grade downhill running at 4.5 m/s, and reported that the vertical impact force was 14 % higher for downhill running than level running. Buczek & Cavanagh (1990) revealed that peak negative power of the ankle and negative work done by the extensors of the knee and ankle were greater for -8.3 % grade downhill running than level running. They selected only rearfoot strikers as the subjects and did not report kinetic data for the recovery leg and the hip joint of the support leg.…”

The Role of Electromyograms in Resolving Musculoskeletal Interactions in Able-Bodied and Disabled Human Individuals

“…To account for these changes, the analysis was divided into segments. Previous studies used to divide the EMG signal into stance and swing phase of the entire stride cycle (Buczek & Cavanagh, 1990;Nilsson et al, 1985;Prilutsky et al, 1998). In view of the observed changes in muscular activity of both the Gastrocnemius and the Tibialis Anterior within the stance phase, it was decided to further divide the stance phase into two segments (corresponding to eccentric and concentric activities, respectively) giving altogether three segments for the running cycle.…”